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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution of the Nervous System |
1. No nervous tissue (Sponges) 2. Nerve net (Jelly fish, Sea Anemone) 3. Segmented nerve trunk (Flat Worm) 4. Not a true brain or spine - ganglia (Squid) 5. True brain and spine - vertebrate (Turtle, Lizard, Fish) |
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Cerebrum |
has two symmetrical halves called hemispheres (one left and one right). The cerebrum is responsible for most of the conscious behaviors. |
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Brainstem |
responsible for most of the unconscious behaviors. |
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Cerebellum |
specialized for and coordinating skilled movements. (little brain) |
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Neurons |
brain cells that most directly control behavior. |
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Spinal cord |
descends from the brainstem through a canal in the backbone. |
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
the brain and spinal cord. |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
all of the neurons outside of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Embodied language |
proposes that the movements we make and the movements we perceive in others are central to communication with others. |
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Mind |
an anglo-saxon word for memory. When “psyche” was translated to english it became “mind”. |
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Dualism |
the idea that behavior is controlled by two entities, the body and the mind. (Descartes) |
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Mind-body problem |
How a nonmaterial mind and a physical brain interact. |
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Materialism |
the idea that rational behavior can be fully explained by the workings of the brain and the rest of the nervous system. (Darwin) |
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Natural selection |
Theory for explaining how new species evolve and how existing species change over time. |
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Species |
a group of organisms that can breed among themselves but not with other members of another species. |
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Phenotype |
the characteristics we can see or measure. |
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Genotype |
genetic makeup. |
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Epigenetics |
the study of differences in gene expression related to the environment and experience. |
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Minimally conscious state, traumatic brain injury, and persistent vegetative state. |
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Nerve net |
consists entirely of neurons that receive sensory info and connect directly to other neurons that move muscle. |
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Bilateral symmetry |
the nervous system on one side of the animal mirrors the other side. Same on both sides. |
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Segmentation |
the body consists of a series of similar muscular segments. |
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Ganglia |
Clusters of neurons |
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Chordates |
animals that have both a brain and spinal cord. |
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Cladogram |
a chart that displays groups of related organisms as branches on a tree (phylogenetic tree). |
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Encephalization quotient |
quantitative measure of brain size. |
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Radiator hypothesis |
to increase the size of the car’s engine you have to increase the size of the radiator that cools it. |
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Neuroplasticity |
enhances adaptability to the environmental changes and compensates for injury. |
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Phenotypic plasticity |
the individual's ability to develop into more than one phenotype. |
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Somatic nervous system |
all of the spinal and cranial nerves carrying info from the CNS to the muscles, joints, and skin. Also transmits ongoing motor instructions that produce movement. |
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Autonomic nervous system |
balances the body’s internal organs to “rest and digest” throughout the calming nerves or to “fight or flight” throughout the arousing nerves. |
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Afferent |
sensory information coming into the CNS (incoming info) |
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Efferent |
Info leaving the CNS to other parts of the body |
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Meninges |
rather tough triple layered protective covering of the brain |
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Cerebrospinal fluid |
a colorless solution of sodium chloride and other salts (liquid that flows between the brain) |
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Cerebral cortex |
the entire outer layer of the forebrain consisting of a thin folded nerve tissue |
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Temporal lobe |
located at the side of the brain, connection with hearing and language and musical abilities. (visual, auditory, gastory) |
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Frontal lobe |
front of the brain, executive functions like decision making. (motor functions) |
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Parietal lobe |
top of the skull behind frontal lobe, directing movements, performing tasks such as grasping an object. (tactile, touch) |
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Occipital lobe |
back of the brain, visual processing (visual) |
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Gyri |
singular: gyrus, bumps in the cerebral cortex |
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Sulci |
singular: sulcus, cracks or grooves in the cerebral cortex |
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Stroke |
a sudden appearance in of neurological symptoms as a result of interrupted blood flow. |
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Gray matter |
composed of cell bodies and blood vessels |
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White matter |
composed of nerve fibers and fatty coverings |
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Ventricles |
wing shaped cavities, contain cerebrospinal fluid |
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Corpus callosum |
contains 200 million nerve fibers that join the two hemispheres and allow communication between them. (looks like hearing aid) |
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Nerve |
bundles of fibers located outside the CNS |
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Tract |
collections of fibers found within the brain |
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CNS |
the spinal cord, the brainstem, and the forebrain |
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Brainstem |
begins where the spinal cord enters the skull |
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Hindbrain |
oldest part of the brain evolutionary. Contains the pons, medulla, reticular formation, and cerebellum. Voluntary and involuntary movements. controls various motor functions ranging from breathing to balance to fine movements. |
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Reticular formation |
netlike mixture of neurons (gray matter) and nerve fibers (white matter) that give structure to the brain. |
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Midbrain |
central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for seeing and hearing as well as oriented movements. |
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Tectum |
roof of the midbrain. Sensory processing, visual and auditory. |
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Tegmentum |
floor, pain perception functions. |
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Diencephalon |
the between brain that integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex. |
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Hypothalamus |
diencephalon structure that is associated with temperature regulation, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. |
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Thalamus |
diencephalon structure that is associated with all sensory info projected to the appropriate region of the neocortex. |
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Forebrain |
the newest part of the brain evolutionary, advanced cognitive functions like thinking, planning, and language. Contains the limbic system, basal ganglia, and neocortex. |
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Neocortex (cerebral cortex) |
newest outer layer of forebrain composed of six layers of gray matter, creates our reality. |
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Cytoarchitectonic map |
map of the neocortex based on organization, structure, and distribution of the cells. |
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Basal ganglia |
subcortical forebrain nuclei that coordinate voluntary movements of the limbs and body; connected to basal ganglia and midbrain |
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Parkinson’s disease |
disorder of motor systems loss of dopamine to the brain tremors, involuntary movements (part of the brain effected: basal ganglia) |
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Tourette’s syndrome |
disorder of basal ganglia involuntary vocalizations (and frontal lobe affected) |
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Limbic system |
forebrain structures lying between neocortex and brainstem. Motivated behaviors memory. Includes amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex. (emotions, sexual behavior, memory navigation) |
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Cranial nerve |
control sensory and motor functions of head and neck and internal organs. |
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Vertebrae |
bones that form spine |
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Dermatome |
body segment corresponding to segment of spinal cord |
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Law of bell and magendie |
the general principle that sensory fibers are located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally. |
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Sympathetic division |
arouses the body for action (stimulatory). fight or flight. "when you fight someone you need sympathy." |
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Parasympathetic division |
reverses the alarm response (inhibitory) |
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Alzheimer’s disease |
degenerative brain disorder related to aging |
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Excitation |
increase in the activity of a neuron or brain areaInhibition - decrease in the activity of a neuron or brain area |
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Divisions of the Nervous System |
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Pons |
Bridge that connects cerebellum to rest of the brain |
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Medulla |
Interface between hindbrain and spinal cord |
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Meningitis |
Inflammation of the meningies by viral or bacterial infection |
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Hydrocephalus |
results from blockage, fluid accumulates in the brain ventricles, enlarging of the head (water head) |
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encephalitis |
inflammation of the brain tissue, caused by infection or an allergic reaction. |
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Evolution to a larger brain |
1. Neoteny 2. Change in environment 3. Change in diet |
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Glial cells |
Sensory info, supports neurons |
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Parts of the cell |
1. Nucleus 2. Mitochondria 3. Membrane 4. Rough ER 5. Golgi Apparatus 6. Lysosome 7. Cytoplasm 8. Microtubules |
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Neuron |
A. Dendrites - Gather info from other cells B. Nucleus C. Cell Body (soma) D. Axon - covered in myelin sheath E. Terminal buttons F. Synaptic Cleft G. Synapse |
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Sensory neurons |
Bring info to the CNS |
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Motor neurons |
Send signals from brain and spinal cord to muscles |
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Inter neurons |
Link sensory and motor activity within the CNS |
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Ependymal cells |
Secrete CSF, found in walls of ventricles |
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Microglia |
Engulf remote debris |
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Astrocytes |
Star shaped cells, structural support |
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Oligogendroglia and Schwann cells |
Insulate axons by wrapping them in myelin |
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Pre-natal development (1 month) |
Day 15 - embryonic disc Day 18 - neural plate Day 21 - neural groove Day 23 - neural tube |
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50 days |
resembles a mini human |
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60 days |
sexual differentiation begins and hormones influence the brain development |
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100 days |
The brain looks distinctly human but lacks sulci |
