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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe basic sleep pattern in humans
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Cycles of 90 minutes in which one progresses through 4 stages of non rapid eye movement sleep and then a period of rem and then an arousal. These cycles repeat throughout the night.
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How does breathing change with sleep.
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Breathing while awake - has sighs, which are deep breaths that open up airways that become atelectic.
In stages 1,2 - These sighs go away. Breathing is decreased during sleep. In these stages, breathing is periodic, irregular. Stages 3,4 - Regular breathing resumes (but no sighs still). |
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What is RIP?
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Respiratory inductance plethysmography. It is used to measure breathing via chest and abdominal wall outward movements.
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Describe basic sleep pattern in humans
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Cycles of 90 minutes in which one progresses through 4 stages of non rapid eye movement sleep and then a period of rem and then an arousal. These cycles repeat throughout the night.
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How does breathing change with sleep.
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Breathing while awake - has sighs, which are deep breaths that open up airways that become atelectic.
In stages 1,2 - These sighs go away. Breathing is decreased during sleep. In these stages, breathing is periodic, irregular. Stages 3,4 - Regular breathing resumes (but no sighs still). |
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What is RIP?
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Respiratory inductance plethysmography. It is used to measure breathing via chest and abdominal wall outward movements.
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How does breathing change during REM sleep?
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Breathing is chaotic and PARADOXICAL. The ribcage moves inward when the abdomen moves outward.
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Obstructive sleep apnea is a phenomena of which stage of sleep?
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REM
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How do ventillation states vary during sleep? Why is this significant?
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Awake state involves highest ventillation. Ventillation drops off and decreases as you progress through the sleep stages but then spikes a bit in REM (still lower than awake).
Breathing decreases more in sleep than the decrease in metabolism during sleep, leading to higher PCO2 levels during sleep. |
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What is central apnea?
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Central apnea occurs when there is failure of respiratory rhythm generating mechanisms. This results in cessation of airflow and cessation of activity in all respiratory muscle activity.
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What is obstructive sleep apnea?
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Cessation of airflow in spite of sustained respiratory pump muscle activity. (Chest and abdomen move paradoxically but no airflow)
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What is the site and cause of airway obstruction in obst. sleep apena?
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The tongue falls back and occludes the pharyngeal airway, behind the soft palate (retropalatal) and at the base of the tongue (retroglossal). This is caused by loss of genioglossus muscle activity in REM sleep.
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What are some important issues with Obstructive Sleep apnea
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Upper airway collapse during sleep. Fractionated sleep, hypoxemia, increased sympathetic nerve activity, daytime somnolence, psychiatric disorders, hypertension.
Treatment by positive pressure breathing, surgery to remove part of tongue, pharanyx or tracheotomy. |
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What is cheyne stokes respiration? What are the causes?
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Cheyne stokes respiration involves periods of hyperpnea alternating with periods of apnea. Hyperpnea is longer than apnea. This is caused by increased gain in carotdi chemoreceptors, resulting in overcorrection of fluctuations in blood gasses. It is found in unstable sleep states, high altitude acclimation, and heart failure.
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Small particles can reach the alveoli. What are some host defenses the alveoli has?
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Surfactant, opsonins (Immunoglobins), macrophage/neutrophil.
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What are the various types of surfactant? Which ones are for reducing ST? Which ones are for enhancing pathogen clearance?
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SP-B and SP-C are for reducing ST. SP-A and SP-D are for enhancing pathogen clearance.
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What is the epipharyngeal aspiration reflex?
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This reflex originates by light tapping of the epipharynx, which produces sniffing (increases in integrated phrenic nerve).
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What is the laryngeal apnea reflex?
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This is absence of integrated phrenic nerve activity to prevent fluid from going down.
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What is the hering breuer inflation reflex?
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Expiratory duration is markedly enhanced during steady lung inflation
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What is the hering breuer deflation reflex?
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Expiratory duration is markedly shortened during lung deflation.
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What are the responses to lung inflation in stretch receptors?
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The slowly adapting receptors terminate inspiration. The rapidly adapting adaptors trigger coughs/IRRITANT sensitive
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