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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type 1 Pneumocytes
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alveoli
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Type 2 Pneumocytes
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alveoli
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Dust Cells
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alveoli
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Serous Cells
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Salivary Glands
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Mucous Cells
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Salivary Glands
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Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
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Stomach
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Chief Cells
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Stomach
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G Cells
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Stomach
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D Cells
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Stomach
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Histamine Releasing Cells
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Stomach
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Acini Cells
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Pancreas
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Islets of Langerhan
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Pancreas
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Alpha Cells
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Islets of Pancreas
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Beta Cells
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Islets of Pancreas
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Delta Cells
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Islets of Pancreas
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F Cells
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Islets of Pancreas
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Tubular (duct) cells
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Pancreas
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Hepatocytes
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Liver
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Kupffer Cells
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Liver
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Absorptive Cells
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Small Intestines
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Goblet Cells
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Small Intestines
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S Cells
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Small Intestines
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CCK Cells
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Small Intestines
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Paneth Cells
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Small Intestines
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Follicular Cells
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Thyroid Gland
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Parafollicular Cells
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Thyroid Gland
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Zona Glomerulosa Cells
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Adrenal Gland
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Zona Fasiculata Cells
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Adrenal Gland
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Zona Reticularis Cells
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Adrenal Gland
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Supraoptic Nuclear Cells
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Post. Pituitary
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Paraventricular Nucleus
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Post. Pituitary
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Principal (Chief) Cells
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Parathyroid
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Oxyphil Cells
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Parathyroid
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Mesangial Cells
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Kidney (Nephron)
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Macula Densa Cells
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Kidney (Nephron)
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Principal Cells
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Kidney (Nephron)
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Intercalated Cells
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Kidney (Nephron)
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Juxtaglomerular Cells
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Kidney (Nephron)
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Leydig Cells
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Testes
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Sertoli Cells
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Testes
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Spermatogonium
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Testes
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Primary Spermatocyte
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Testes
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Secondary Spermatocyte
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Testes
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Spermatids
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Testes
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Granulosa Cells
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Ovaries
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Follicular Cells
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Ovaries
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Oogonia
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Ovaries
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Primary Oocyte
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Ovaries
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Secondary Oocyte
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Ovaries
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Ovum
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Ovaries
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Type 1 Pneumocytes
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gas exchange 95% of alveolar surface
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Type 2 Pneumocytes
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produce surfactant 5% of alveolar surface
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Dust Cells
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macrophages
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Serous Cells
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secrete watery fluid
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Mucous Cells
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secrete mucous
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Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
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Secrete HCL, intrinsic factor & Ghrelin (know alkaline tide)
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Chief Cells
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Secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase
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G Cells
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secrete gasrtin
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D Cells
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secrete somatostatin (GHIH)
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Histamine Releasing Cells
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secrete histamine, Ach, gastrin, & activate parietal cells
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Acini Cells
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Produce pancreatic Juice (exocrine) 99% of gland
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Islets of Langerhan
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Produce hormones (endocrine) 1% of gland
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Alpha Cells
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Produce Glucagon
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Beta Cells
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Produce Insulin *** most numerous ***
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Delta Cells
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Produce GHIH & somatostatin
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F Cells
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Produce Pancreatic Polypeptide
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Tubular (duct) cells
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Produce Bricarbonate ions (note acidification of capillaries)
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Hepatocytes
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Located within the lobules, surrounding the sinusoids
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Kupffer Cells
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macrophages
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Absorptive Cells
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aborb nutrients
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Goblet Cells
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S Cells
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secrete secretin
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CCK Cells
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secrete CCK
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Paneth Cells
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in Crypts of Lieberkuhn, secrete lysozymes, phagocytosis
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Follicular Cells
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Produce T3 & T4
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Parafollicular Cells
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Produce Calcitonin
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Zona Glomerulosa Cells
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Produce mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone
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Zona Fasiculata Cells
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Produce glucocorticoids - cortisol
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Zona Reticularis Cells
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Produce androgens - DHEA
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Supraoptic Nuclear Cells
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Produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Paraventricular Nucleus
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Produce Oxytocin
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Principal (Chief) Cells
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Produce produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Oxyphil Cells
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Function Unknown
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Mesangial Cells
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In glomerulus, relaxing causes increased GFR
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Macula Densa Cells
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Produce NO (vasodialator) in Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
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Principal Cells
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Electrolyte regulation, Reab. Na, secrete K, Aquaporin 2 channels
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Intercalated Cells
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pH regulation, secrete H+ to lumen, NEW bicarb reab., buffer urine
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Juxtaglomerular Cells
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Produce Renin
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Leydig Cells
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Secrete Testosterone, between seminiferous tubules
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Sertoli Cells
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Nurse Cells, blood-testes barrier, Secrete inhibin & ABP
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Spermatogonium
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Diploid, divide by mitosis
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Primary Spermatocyte
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Diploid, divide by meiosis I
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Secondary Spermatocyte
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Haploid, divide by meiosis II
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Spermatids
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Haploid, differentiate into spermatozoa (called spermiogenesis)
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Granulosa Cells
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Nurse Cells, convert androgens into estrogens
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Follicular Cells
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Surround Oocyte, produce estrogen
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Oogonia
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Diploid, divide by mitosis
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Primary Oocyte
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Diploid, divide by meiosis I, stop in prophase I
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Secondary Oocyte
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Haploid, divide by meiosis II, stop in metaphase II
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Ovum
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Meiosis II completed after fertilization
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voluntary control
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skeletal muscle
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involuntary control
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cardiac, uni-nucleated smooth muscle, multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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autorhythmic
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cardiac, uni-nucleated smooth muscle
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neuronal stimulation
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skeletal and multinucleated smooth muscle
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hormonal stimulation
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cardiac, uni- and multinucleated smooth muscle
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contains actin and myosin
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skeletal, cardiac, uni- & multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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striations
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skeletal and cardiac muscle
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troponin
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skeletal and cardiac muscle
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tropomyosin
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skeletal, cardiac, uni- and multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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t-tubules
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skeletal and cardiac muscle
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calmodulin
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uni- and multinucleated smooth muscle
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z-discs
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skeletal and cardiac muscle
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dense bodies
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uni- & multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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most well develop SR
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skeletal muscle
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least developed DR
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uni- and multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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fastest speed of contraction
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skeletal
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slowest speed of contraction
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uni- and multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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greatest amount of contraction
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uni- and multi nucleated smooth muscle
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gap junctions
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cardiac, uni-& multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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myosin light chains
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skeletal, cardiac, uni- and multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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forms cross bridges b/t myosin and actin
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skeletal, cardiac, uni- and multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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greatest force of contraction
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uni-& multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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uses a latching mechanism
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uni- and multi- nucleated smooth muscle
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Na+ influx
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skeletal and cardiac muscle
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Ca2+ influx
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uni- & multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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requires greatest amount of energy to contract
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skeletal muscle
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requires least amount of energy to contract
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uni- & multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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shortest latent period
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skeletal muscle
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longest latent period
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uni- & multi- nucleated smooth muscle
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stretch relaxation reflex
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uni- & multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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stretch contraction reflex
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skeletal muscle
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able to regenerate
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uni- and multi-nucleated smooth muscle
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cavioli
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uni- and multi- nucleated smooth muscle
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muscles of forced inspiration
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SCM, scalenes, pec. minor
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muscle of forced expiration
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abdominals and internal intercostals
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pleural pressure is always (above/below) alveolar
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below
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ease w/ which lungs expand
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compliance
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diseases that reduce compliance
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TB, pulmonary edema, lung fibrosis
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lung elasticity determined by?
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elastin and collagen in lung parenchyma
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LaPlace's law
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critical closing pressure
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greatest work of breathing
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compliance/elastic work
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lowest work of breathing
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tissue resistance work
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Tidal volume
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Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal inspiration or expiration
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume
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Expiratory reserve volume
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Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume
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Residual volume
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Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
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Inspiratory capacity
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Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
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Functional residual capacity
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Expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
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Vital capacity
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Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
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Total lung capacity
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Sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and residual volume
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obstructive lung conditions
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FEV1 decreased
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restrictive lung conditions
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decrease in compliance
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restrictive FEV1
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is near normal
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zone 1
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alveolar pressure exceeds arterial
no blood flow |
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zone 2
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arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure
alveolar pressure exceeds venous pressure |
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zone 3
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arterial and venous pressure exceed
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Right-to-left shunt
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blood bypasses pulmonary circulation, e.g. transposition of great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, atelectasis
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Left-to-right
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blood bypasses systemic circulation, may cause pulmonary hypertension, e.g. patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect
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always causes hypoxemia and can't be corrected w/ O2
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right to left shunt
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does not cause hypoxemia
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left to right shunt
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Poiseuille’s law
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Resistance effects on flow
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low O2 increases/decreases pulmonary vascular resistance
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increases
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Boyle’s law
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general gas law
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Dalton’s law
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Partial pressure
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Henry’s law
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Diffusion of gases through liquids
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Charles’s law
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the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature
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A shift of the curve to the left because of
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1) increase in pH;
2) a decrease in carbon dioxide; 3) a decrease in temperature ---results in an increase in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen |
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A shift of the curve to the right because of
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1) a decrease in pH;
2) an increase in carbon dioxide, or 3) an increase in temperature results in a decrease in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen |
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Carbon dioxide is transported as:
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1. bicarbonate ions (70%)
2. in combination with blood proteins (23%) 3. in solution with plasma (7%) |
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Haldane effect
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Hemoglobin that has released oxygen binds more readily to carbon dioxide than hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it
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hamburger shift
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Cl- follows CO2 in and out of the cells
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Medullary rhythmicity respiratory center (muscle control
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Dorsal groups [inspiratory]
stimulate the diaphragm and external intercostals via phrenic nerves – cervical plexus @ C3-C5 Ventral group [expiratory] stimulate the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles |
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Pontine (pneumotaxic & apneustic) respiratory group
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Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration
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Inflation Reflex (Hering-Breuer reflex)
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big deep breath stretches receptors in bronchi and bronchioles producing urge to exhale
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parietal cells
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secrete: HCL, intrinsic factor, ghrelin
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chief cells secrete
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Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl
- Gastric lipase |
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pancreatic enzymes
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pancreatic amylase,
pancreatic lipase, proteases: Trypsinogen - activated by enterokinase (a brush border enzyme) Chymotrypsinogen - activated by trypsin Procarboxypeptidase - activated by trypsin (note that aminopeptidase is in the brush border = is not a pancreatic enzyme) Proelastase - activated by trypsin trypsin inhibitor - combines with any trypsin produced inside pancreas Ribo- and deoxyribonucleases - digest nucleic acids to oligonucleotides and single nucleotides |
