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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 broad types of cardiac muscle
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atrial muscle
ventricular muscle "specialized" cardiac muscle -pacemaker areas -high conduction speed pathways -low conduction speed pathways |
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5 essential functions of the heart
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1) self nutrition via coronary arteries
2) regular and controlled excitation 3) effective contraction and relaxation of muscle 4) an effective intra-cardiac blood flow path 5) regulation of "preload" (right and left atrial pressure) |
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5 broad pathophysiological categories of the heart
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ischemic heart disease
arrhythmias cardiomyopathies valve and septal defects congestive heart failure |
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Fast response cells are characteristic of
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atrial, ventricular, and Purkinje system muscle cells
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Slow response cells are characteristics of
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pacemaker cells of the SA and AV nodes
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What is the coupling agent in excitation-contraction coupling in myocardium
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calcium ion
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P wave is caused by
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excitation (depolarization) of atrial cells
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QRS wave is caused by
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excitation of ventricular cells
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T wave is caused by
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repolarization of the ventricular cells.
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3 periods during "diastole"
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period of "rapid inflow" or "rapid filling"
period of "diastasis" period of "atrial systole" |
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3 periods during "systole"
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period of "isovolumic contraction"
period of "ejection" period of "isovolumic relaxation" |
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Stroke volume (SV) =
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EDV - ESV
end diastolic volume end systolic volume |
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Guyton's numeric value for normal value range for SV (stroke volume)
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30-65 ml/beat
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EF =
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ejection fraction = fraction of the end diastolic volume of the ventricle that is ejected per beat as stroke volume.
SV / EFC Normal Range = 46-50% |
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Name the 4 cardiac valves
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tricuspid valve (right ventricle)
mitral valve (left ventricle) Pulmonic valve (right) Aortic valve (left) |
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Stenosis
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when the A-V valves open incompletely
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When the A-V valves close incompletely it's called
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regurgitation
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Functional purpose of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?
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prevents A-V valve collapse
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Stroke work is defined as
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cardiac work per heart beat
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What is the normal maximum efficiency of the heart?
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20-25%
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What is the major chemical fuel for the heart?
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fatty acids
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Specialized cardiac muscle consists of....
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The S-A Node
3 Internodal Pathways The A-V Node “Purkinje System”: -Common bundle of His (AV bundle) -Rt & Lt bundle branches -Purkinje fibers |
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Crohn's Disease
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inflammatory disease of submucosa, can be transmural
affects terminal ileum and proximal colon etiology unknown pathological changes in wall of gut: granulomatous lesions inflammation, fibrosis and thickening palpable masses decreased surface area, MALABSORPTION, DIARRHEA, PAIN <small intestine> |
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Celiac Disease
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Allergic disease: hypersensitivity to gluten
Pathology of mucosa: Jejunal wall infiltrated with inflammatory cells Intestinal villi atrophy Bowel wall becomes smooth Loss of mucosal function MALABSORPTION Managed with low gluten diet <small intestine> |
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Diverticular Disease
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outpouchings of colonic mucosa between bundles of smooth muscle
diverticula can perforate producing inflammation DIVERTICULITIS, PAIN clinically can produce constipation and bloody stools; abscess formation and fibrosis |
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ECF is termed "what" by physiologists and clinicians?
What is considered "external" to the body? |
Internal environment.
3 tracts: respiratory, GI, uro-genital tracts. |
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4 systems involved shiefly with control of ECF volume, composition, and temperature
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pulmonary
GI cardiovascular renal |
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3 systems involved chiefly with our body's internal communication:
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visceral motor (ANS)
visceral sensory endocrine system |
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5 systems involved chiefly with sensing and/or responding to our body's external environment.
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somatic nervous
special senses skeletal muscle and bone skin reproductive system |
