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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most hormones use which M/A
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Gs: ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, V2, HCG, MSH, CRH, b1, b2, calcitonin, PTH, glucagon
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Gq hormones 7
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GnRH, TRH, GHRH, AII, V2, oxytocin, a1
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steroid hormones 7
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cortisol, estrogen, tesosterone, progesterone, aldosterone, vit D, thyroid hormone
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tyr kinase hormones 2
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insulin, IGF
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cGMP hormones 3
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ANP, EDRF, NO
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ant pit hormones 7
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TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, MSH, GH, PRL
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post pit hormones 2
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ADH, oxytocin
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gp fam ant pit hormones 3
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TSH, LH, FSH
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POMC ant pit hormones 3
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ACTH, MSH, b-endorphin
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GH homologous hormones 3
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GH, PRL, HPL
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how GH secreted
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pulsatile
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factors that inc GH secretion 6
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sleep, puberty, stress, starvation, exercise, hypoglycemia
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hormone stim GH secretion
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GHRH
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hormone inh GH secretion
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SMST
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Neg feedback of GH 4
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somatomedins dec GH secretion, somatomedin inc SMST secretion, GHRH inh itself, GH inc SMST secretion
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direct GH axn 4
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dec glucose uptake, inc lipolysis, inc protein synth, inc IGF production
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IGF axn 3
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inc linear growth, in lean body mass, in organ size
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neg feedback of PRL 2
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PRL stim dopa release from hypothal
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hormone that stim PRL
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TRH
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PRL axn 4
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stim milk production, stim breast development, dec synth & release of GnRH (inh ovulation & spermatogenesis)
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ADH originate in
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supraoptic nuclei
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oxytocin originate in
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paraventricular nuclei
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major stim oxytocin release
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suckling
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oxytocin axn 2
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contraction myoepithelium in breast, uterus
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thyroglobulin synth from
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tyr
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thyroglobulin synth in
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thyroid follicular cells
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I- pump present in
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follicular cells facing blood
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I- pump inh by 2
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thiocyanate, perchlorate
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I- oxidation by
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peroxidase enzyme
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reactive form iodine
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I2
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peroxidase enzyme inh by
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propylthiouracil
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peroxidase enzyme located in
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follicular cell membrane facing lumen
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I2 organification
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add to tyr -> MIT, DIT
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Wolff-Chaikof effect
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high I- level inh organification
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T4 formed by
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DIT + DIT
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T3 formed by
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MIT + DIT
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most abundant thyroid hormone
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T4
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most reactive thyroid hormone
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T3
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inactive thyroid hormone
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rT3
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leftover MIT, DIT deiodinated by
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thyroid deiodinase
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thyroid hormone release req
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lysosomal degradation of thyroglobulin
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in circ, thyroid hormone bound to
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TBG (thyroxine binding globulin)
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hepatic failure fx on thyroid hormone
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dec TBG, norm free hormone levels
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preg fx on thyroid hormone
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inc TBG, norm free hormone levels
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T4 inactivated by
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5'-iodinase
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hypertrophy of thyroid caused by
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chronic TSH elevation
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thyroid fx on bone 2
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req bone formation; ossification & fusion of growth plates
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thyroid fx on CNS 2
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req for CNS maturation; hypothyroidism cause irreversible MR
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hyperthyroidism CNS fx 2
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hyperexcitability, irritability
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hypothyroidism CNS fx 5
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listlessness, slowed speech, somnolence, impaired memory, dec mental capacity
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thyroid fx on Na/K
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inc synth Na/K ATPase
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thyroid fx on CVS/Resp 4
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upregulate b1-R, inc HR, inc SV; inc vent
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thyroid metabolic fx 6
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inc glucose absorption, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose oxidation, lipolysis, protein catabolism
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zona glomerulosa produce
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aldo
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zona fasciculata produce
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cortisol
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zona reticularis produce
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androgens
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progesteron, deoxycorticosterone, aldo, cortisol are
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21-C steroids
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19-C steroids are
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androgens
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18-C steroids are
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estrogens
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androstenedion to testosterone in
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testes
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aromatization of androgens in 2
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ovaries, placenta
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corticosterone to aldo by
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aldo synthase
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aldo synthase reg by
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AII
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chol to pregnenolone by
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chol desmolase
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chol desmolase reg by
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ACTH, LH
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glucocorticoid secretion
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circadian rhythm
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cortisol levels highest in
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kmron just before waking
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CRH originate in
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paraventricular nuclei
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ACTH reg on adrenals
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upreg own receptor
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adrenal cortex hypertrophy caused by
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chronic ACTH elevation
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neg feedback of cortisol
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cortisol inh CRH secretion; cortisol inh ACTH secretion
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dexamethasone test
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should SUPPRESS ACTH
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Aldo most tightly reg by
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RAAS
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3 main fx of cortisol
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stim gluconeogenesis, anti-infl, maintain vasc response to cats
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how cortisol stim gluconeogenesis 3
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inc protein catabolism, dec glucose utilization, inc lipolysis
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how cortisol anti-infl 4
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induce lipocortin, IL-2, hist, 5HT
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how cortisol maintain vasc response to cats
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upreg a1-R on arterioles
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primary adrenal insufficiency patho
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low aldo, cortisol, androgens; Addisons
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secondary adrenal insufficiency patho
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low ACTH
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cortisol xs
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Cushing's
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aldo xs
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Conn's
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21b-hydroxylase def
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dec cortisol, dec aldo, inc androgens
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17a-hydroxylase def
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dec androgen, dec cortisol, inc aldo
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central islet cells
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beta cells
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outer rim islet cells
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alpha cells
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delta cells secrete
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SMST, gastrin
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how much Ca bound to plasma proteins
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40%
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biologically active Ca is
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free, ionized
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positive Ca balance seen in
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growing children
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neg Ca balance seen in 2
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preg/lactation
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PTH synth & secreted by
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chief cells
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stim PTH
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Ca-sensing R of parathyroid membrane
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Mg fx on PTH
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mild dec -> stim; severe dec -> inh
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PTH axn 4
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inc bone resorption, inh renal phsophate reabsoprtion, inc renal Ca reabsorption, inc intestinal Ca reabsorption
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bone resorption inc what in urine
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hydroxyproline
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pseudohypoparthyroidism type 1a is
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Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
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defect in Albright's
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Gs protein in kidney & bone -> resistance to PTH
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2o hyperparthyroidism caused by
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chronic renal failure
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familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) genetics
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auo dom
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FHH patho
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incativation mutations of Ca-sensing receptor -> less sensative
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active form vit D
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1,25-dihydroxycolecalciferol
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1a-hydroxylas activity inc by 3
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hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, inc PTH
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vit D axn 2
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inc intestinal & renal Ca & phosphate absorption, inc bone resportion (old bone -> new bone)
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calcitonin synth & secreted by
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parafollicular cells (thyroid)
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LH axn in male
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stim chol desmolase to inc testosterone synth (Leydig cell)
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5a-reductase in
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accessory organs
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GnRH originate in
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arcuate nuc
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FSH axn in male
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stim spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells
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neg feedback of FSH 2
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Stertoli secrete inhibin -> inh FSH at ant pit; testosterone inh GnRH at hypothal
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testosterone axn 8
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epididymis/vas deferens/seminal vesicle differentiation, growth spurt, epiphyseal closure, libido, spermatogenesis, voice deepening, muscle mass inc, penis/seminal vesicle growth
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DTH axn 4
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penis/scrotum/prostate differentiation, male hair pattern, sebaceous gland, prostate growth
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GnRH secretion is
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pulsatile
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Neg feedback of LH 2
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testosterone inh LH at ant pit; testosterone inh GnRH at hypothal
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LH > FSH when
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puberty, reproductive years
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FSH > LH when
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childhood, senescence
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LH axn in female
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stim chol desmolase to inc testosterone synth (theca cell)
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estrogen made by
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granlosa cells
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FSH axn in female
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stim androstenedione -> testosterone -> 17b-estradiol
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FSH & LH fx on ovaries 4
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steroidogenesis, follicular development past antral stage, ovulation, luteinization
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estrogen axn 6
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mature/maintain vagina->uterus, female 2o sex characteristics, breast development, prolif granulosa, maintain preg, lower uterine contraction threshold, stim PRL
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hormone of follicular phase
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estrogen
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hormone of midcycle
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estrogen
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hormone of luteal phase
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estrogen & progesterone
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progesterone axn 3
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breast development, raise uterine contraction threshold, maintain preg
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primordial follicle progress to
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graafian stage
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estradiol levels inc cause
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uterus proliferation
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estradiol levels inc b/c
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LH & FSH R inc in theca & granulosa cells
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estrogen fx on LH & FSH
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initially neg feedback, then positive
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regardless of cycle length, when is ovulation
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14 days before menses
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ovulation fx on body temp
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inc basal body temp
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ovulation caused by
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burst estradiol synth -> LH surge
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cervical changes during ovulation 2
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less viscous, more penetrable for sperm
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corpus luteum secrete
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estrogen, progesterone
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uterus during luteal phase
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secretory
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endometrial sloughing due to
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abrupt dec estrogen, progesterone
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Adrenocortical hormone synth
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