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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
atomic number 1
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H hydrogen
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atomic number 6
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C carbon
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atomic number 7
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N nitrogen
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atomic number 8
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O oxygen
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atomic number 11
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Na sodium
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atomic number 12
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Mg magnesium
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atomic number 15
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P phosphorus
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atomic number 16
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S sulfur
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atomic number 17
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Cl chlorine
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atomic number 19
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K potassium
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atomic number 20
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Ca calcium
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what are the 4 major essential lelements
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CHON
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what does a lack of iodine in the diet cause
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low thyroid hormone production
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what does a deficiency of chromium in the body cause (not proven)
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DM
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what does the atomic number signify
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the number of protons
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what does atomic mass signify
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# of protons plus # of neutrons
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what is Cr
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chromium, atomic number 24
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what is an isotope
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a single element that has variations with different numbers of neutrons
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what's a radioisotope
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unstable isotopes that emit energy in the form of radiation
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what is the field of dx and tx of disease using radioisotopes
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nuclear medicine
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what is an energy level or shell?
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where the electrons live in the atom.
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which energy level is the lowest, closest or furthest from nucleus?
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closest (think of runners on a track)
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how is an energy level broken down?
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into sublevels (spdf) and those into orbitals
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how many electrons can an orbital hold?
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2 max
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what is the most stable elctron configuration for an element
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when all the orbitals in the outer shell (valence) are filled with electrons
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what's a high energy electron
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an electron that jumps up one+ energy levels, unstable, eventually falls back to stable config, releasing energy
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what happens with unpaired electrons in an orbital
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they tend to either gain or lose an electron to pair up
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what are chemical bonds?
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transfer of sharing of electrons between atoms, creating MOLECULES
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what's the difference between a molecule and a compound
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compound contains >1 element
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how is molecular weight calculated
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atomic mass x # of atoms.
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what are the 2 strong types of chemical bonds
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covalent and ionic
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what are the 2 weak types of chemical bonds
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hydrogen bonds and van der waals forces
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what is a covalent bond
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2 atoms sharing a pair of electrons (1 from each). require energy to break bonds. most prevalent bond.
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how do you know how many covalent bonds an atom will form?
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# of unpaired electrons in valence = @ of covalent bonds to be formed
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what is a double bond?
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if adjacent atoms share 2 pairs x electronis instead of just 1
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what is a functional group
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atom combos that occur repeatedly, move as a unit, attach with single covalent bond
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what's a hydroxyl group
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-OH functional group
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what's a carboxyl acid
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-COOH functional group
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what's an amino group
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-NH2
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what's a phosphate group?
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-H2PO4
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what is a free radical
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molecule, 1+ unpaired electron in valence, steals 1 from another atom, leaving it unpaired, and so on. can disrupt normal cell function.
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what is an antioxidant
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molecule, gives electron to free radical without becoming one.
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what are common molecular shapes
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chain (acids), ring (glucose), double helix (dna)
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what's a polar molecule
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electrons spend > time c 1 atom in molecule --> slightly more (-), leaving the other atom/s more (+). overall molecule = neutral. DISSOLVE IN WATER.
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what elements tend to cause polarity
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nitrogen and oxygen
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what is an ion (and 2 names)
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charged atom. (+) = cation. (-) = anion
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what is an ionic bond? name one.
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chemical bond between cation and anion. Na+Cl-
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5 important cations of body
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Na+, K+, Ca++, H+, Mg++
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4 important anions of body
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Cl- (chloride),
HCO3-(bicarb), HPO4-- (phosphate), SO4-- (sulfate) |
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do non-ionic atoms of the important cations exist in the body? (Na, Ca....)
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ask Dr. Chu
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what is a hydrogen bond (& what elements are involved)
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atom of hydrogen bonding to another atom (oxygen, nitrogen, flourine) intra or inter-molecular
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atomic number 9
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F flourine
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what causes surface tension of water
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hydrogen bond
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what are van der waals bond
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weakest bond, between 1 atom's nucleus and another's electrons; work with hydrogen bonds to hold chon's together
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solutes, solvents, solution
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solute dissolved by solvent in solution
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what's the basic chemical formula for a carb
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(ch2o)n
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what's the chemical formula for glucose
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C6H12O6
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what does -ose signify
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simple sugar
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what are the 2 types of simple sugars
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monosaccharides and disaccharides
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what are the building blox of complex carbs
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monosaccharides
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how many carbons do monosaccharides have
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5 or 6
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name 4 monosax
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ribose, glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose
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name 3 disax
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maltose, lactose, sucrose
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what's a polysaccharide
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large molecule made of glucose molecules joined together
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what's a large molecule made up of repeating units
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polymer
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what's the difference between polysaccharides
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the manner the glucose molecules are linked
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all living cells store ______ for energy
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glucose in the form of a polysaccharide
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what is the animal cell storage polysaccharide
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glycogen
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where is glycogen found
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in all animal cells, q tissue in body
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what are the 2 forms of polysax that plants make
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cellulose (structure) starch (storage)
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all orangic molecules contain
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carbon
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biomolecules are
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organic molecules in living things
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what is the most abundant biomolecule
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carbs
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what is the most diverse biomolecule
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lipids
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what are the 4 types of lipids
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true lipids, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
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what's glycerol
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simple 3-carbon molecule
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what's a fatty acid
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long carbon chain molecule bound to hydrogens with carboxyl (-cooh) group at one end of chain
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what's a saturated fatty acid
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no double bonds between carbons
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what's a monosaturated fatty acid
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one double bond between carbons in the molecule
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what's a polyunsaturated fatty acid
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more than 1 double bond between carbons in the molecule
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what's a monoglyceride
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fatty acid linked to glycerol
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what's a triglyceride
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triacylglycerol - most important lipid in body, 90% are in this form. high level is predictor of artery disease
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what's a phospholipid
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diglyceride with a phosphate group attached to the single carbon that lacks a fatty acid. makes up cell membrane
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what's a steroid
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lipid related molecule with 4 linked carbon rings. made of cholesterol. part of cell membrane.
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what's an eicosanoid
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modified 20-carbon fatty acid. mainly thromboxanes, leukotrienes, prostoglandins. regulate various physiological functions
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what's the most versatile biomolecule
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proteins
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what are proteins made of
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amino acids
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what's an amino acid
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central carbon atom linked to hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group and R group
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what's the R group
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variable in proteins
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what are essential amino acids
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9 amino acids tha tmust be obtained from diet
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what is the major dietary source of nitrogen
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protein
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are there amino acids that aren't part of proteins
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yes homocsteine, GABA, creatine
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what's a peptide bond
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linked amino acids (2 to 9)
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what's a polypeptide
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10 - 100 amino acids linked together
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what's a protein
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100+ amino acids
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what's the primary structure of a protein
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the sequence of amino acids
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what's the 2ndary structure of a protein
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spacial arrangement of the amino acids in the chain
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what's the tertiary structure of a protein
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3 dimensional shape
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what are te 2 shape classifications of proteins
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globular (ball-like) or fibrous (sheets or chains wound around each other)
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what's a quaternary structure of a protein
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more than 1 polypeptide chain (multiple subunits)
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what is gamma radiation
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high energy waves that penetrate matter deeply like xrays
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what is RNA polymerase
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enzyme needed for synthesis of mRNA from DNA
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what's a conjugated protein
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molecules of protein combines with either lipid or carbohydrate
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what's a prostaglandin
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lipid derived molecules that act as physiological regulators
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what's ribose
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a pentose sugar
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what's a beta-pleated sheet
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sheet like structure formed from some chains of amino acids
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what's a phospholipid
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diglyceride with phosphate attached to the single carbon that lacks a fatty acid
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FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
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molecule that captures and transfers energy with high energy electrons
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surface tension of water
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hydrogen bonds between water molecules that make it difficult to separate them
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eicosanoid
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modified 20-carbon fatty acids that act as regulators of physiological functions
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NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucelotide)
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molecule that captures and transfers energy with high-energy electrons
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solute
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molecules that dissove in solvent to make solution
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galactose
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hexose monosaccharide
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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nucleotide, stores genetic info in nucleus
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cortisol
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steroid hormone from adrenal cortex. regulates metabolism, esp during stress
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monounsaturated fatty acid
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fatty acid with one double bond
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