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105 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cell membranes
1
Integral proteins achored by what forces?
hydrophobic interaxn
Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to membrane by?
electrostatic interaxn
Another name for tight junctions?
Zona occludens
Diffusion equation?
J = -PA(C1-C2)
Relationship b/t oil/water coef and permeability
Direct
Relationship b/t radius and permeability
Inverse
Relationship b/t membrane thickness and permeability
Inverse
Tm means?
The transport maximum; correlates to carrier saturation
Osmolarity equation?
Osmolarity = # particles x conc (M)
Osmotic pressure equation (van't Hoff's law)?
p = # x conc x RT
If reflection coef is 1, means?
Solute is impermeable
If reflection coef is 0, means?
Solute is permeable
Potentials
7
Conductance of ion channel depends on?
Probability that channel is open
2 types of ion channels gates?
Voltage gated, ligand gated
Size of diffusion potential depends on?
size of conc gradient
Sign of diffusion potential depends on?
If diffusing ion is + or -
Equilibrium potential is achieved when?
Diffusion potential balances tendency to diffuse
Equilibrium potential equation (Nernst equation)?
E = -2.3(RT/zF)log[Cin]/[Cex]
What does -2.3(RT/F) equal?
negative 60 millivolts
Equi pot of Na?
65
Equi pot of Ca?
120
Equi pot of K?
neg 85
Equi pot of Cl?
neg 85
Resting membrane potential?
neg 70 millivolts
Depolarizations makes the membrane potential
less negative
Hyperpolarization makes the membrane potential
more negative
Inward current is the flow of what charge into cell?
Positive charge
Outward current is the flow of what charge out of cell?
Positive charge
3 characteristics of action potential are?
stereotypical size and shape, propagating, all-or-none
Resting membrane potential is the result of?
High resting conductance to K
Upstroke steps? 3
Inward current -> depolarization -> rapid opening Na channel (inward current)
Overshoot is?
Brief portion of AP when membrane potential is positive
TTX and lidocaine block?
Voltage-sensitive Na channels
Role of inactivation gates in repolarization
Depolarization close them slowly -> return Na conductance down to 0
Role of K channel in repolarization
Depolarization slowly open K channel (outward current) -> incr to higher than at rest
Undershoot is?
Hyperpolarization; when K conductance is higher than at rest
Absolute v. relative refractory period
Absolute cannot elicit new AP; relative can but requires larger inward current
Accomodation is?
When cell membrane held at depolarized level so threshold passed w/o firing AP
Why can accomodation occur?
Depolarization closes inactivation gates of Na
What dz state demonstrates accomodation?
hyperkalemia
Relationship b/t fiber size and conduction velocity?
Direct
NMJ
12
Inhibitory neurons fx on post-synaptic membrane
Hyperpolarize
Excitatory neurons fx on post-synaptic membrane
Depolarize
Role of choline acetyltransferase
Acetyl coA -> Ach
Steps in motor neuron transmission 5
Depolarization -> open Ca channel -> Ca relase synaptic vesicles -> Ach diffusion to end plate nicotinic receptors -> EPP
Nicotinic receptors are which gated channel?
Ligand
MEPP is?
smallest possible EPP; produced by one synaptic vesicle
Is EPP a form of AP?
NO!!! It is a depolarization of specialized muscle end plate
Role of acetylcholinesterase?
Degrade Ach -> acetyl coA + choline
Where does botox work?
Block release of Ach from presynaptic terminal
Where does neostigmine work?
Inh AChE
Where does curare work?
Competes with Ach for motor end plate R
What dz attacks Ach R, reducing the number available?
Myasthenia gravis
List excitatory NT: 5
Ach, norepi, epi, dopa, glu, 5HT
List inhibitory NT: 2
GABA, gly
How do EPSP work?
Depolarize postsynaptic cell
What causes EPSP?
Opening Na, K channels
How do IPSP work?
Hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell
What causes IPSP?
Opening Cl channels
What are the 2 types of summations?
Spatial, temporal
Norepi is the primary NT release from?
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Binds to which receptors?
alpha, beta
Removed from synapse by? 2
MAO, COMT
Its metabolites?
DOMA, NMN, MOPEG, VMA
Epi is secreted from?
Adrenal medulla
Dopa is metabolized by? 2
MAO, COMT
D1 Receptors are?
Gs
D2 receptors are?
Gi
2 types of glu receptors are?
Ionotropic and metabotropic
GABA-A receptor work by?
Incr Cl conductance
GABA-B receptor work by?
Incr K conductance
Gly receptor work by?
Incr Cl conductance
Skeletal muscle
16
Z line is?
lines that delineate sarcomere boundary
M line is?
Middle of sarcomere
I band is?
Only actin filaments
H band is?
Only myosin filaments
A band is?
Both actin and myosin filaments
Role of troponin T
Attaches troponin to tropomyosin
Role of troponin I
Inhibit myosin-actin interaction
Role of troponin C
Binds Ca to allow myosin-actin interaction
Role of T tubules?
Open extracellular space that carries depolarization from membrane inside
Where are T tubules located?
At A-I jxn
Role of Ca-ATPase pump (SERCA)
Keeps intracellular Ca low
Role of calsequestrin
loosely binds Ca inside SR
What R on the SR allows for Ca release?
Ryanodine R (RYR)
ATP cycle steps? 5
No ATP bound so myosin head stuck to actin -> ATP binding cause release -> myosin displaced to + side -> ATP hydrolysis -> Power stroke
Mechanism of tetanus?
Repeat stimulation cause xs Ca release -> muscle not relax
Mechanism of rigor mortis?
No ATP bound so myosin head stuck to actin
Isometric contractions occur when?
Muscle length (preload) is constant
Isotonic contractiosn occur when?
Load (afterload) is constant
Passive tension is?
developed by stretching muscle to different lengths
Total tension is?
When muscle stim to contract at different lengths
How calculated active tension?
Total - Passive
Active tension represents
active force developed from contraction; proportional to # cross-bridges
As afterload increase, the velocity of shortening
decreases
Smooth muscle
20
Multi-unit SM present in?
Iris, ciliary muscle, vas deferens
Unitary SM is present in?
Uterus, GI, ureter, bladder
Activity in unitary SM is
spontaneous
Vascular SM acts like?
single and mult-unit
Ca in SM binds to? Steps after? 5
Ca-calmodulin -> incr MLCK -> phos myosin light chains -> allows binding to actin -> cross-bridge