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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs
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Immunity
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what type of immunity: Phagosytosis by WBC's and the tissue macrophage system
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Innate immunity
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what type of immunity: destruction by acid and digestive enzyems
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Innate immunity
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what type of immunity: skin resistance to invasion
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innate immunity
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what type of immunity: chemical compounds of blood
EX lysozymes, polypeptides, complement complex (20 proteins) and natural killer lymphocytes |
Innate immunity
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what type of immunity: antibodies
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acquired immunity
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what type of immunity: activated lymphocytes
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acquired immunity
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humoral immunity are what type of acquired immunity and aka for humoral immunity is?
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antibodies
B-cell immunity |
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globulin molecules are which type of acquired immunity?
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antibodies
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what produces antibodies?
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B-lyphocytes
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what do antibodies do?
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they attack invading agent
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what type of immunity: are immunizations?
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acquired immunity
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cell-mediated immunity is what type of cells and what type of acquired immunity?
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T-cells
Activated lymphocytes |
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T or F Acquired immunity is stimulated by antigens
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True
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molecular group on the surface of the large molecule is called?
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epitopes
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small MW, combines with antigenic substance to elicit immune response is called?
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Haptens
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T or F Lyphocytes are essential for survival
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True
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Lyphocytes are derived from what?
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pluripotent hemopoetic stem cells
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you can find lymphoid tissue where?
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spleen, submucosal areas of the gastrointesinal tract, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, thymus
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T lyphocytes originate where and migrate where?
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Bone marrow
thymus |
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activation to antigens occurs where?
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thymus
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T or F T-cells are tested for action against self-antigens before entering the thymus gland
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False T-cells are tested for action against self-antigens before leaving the thymus gland
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where does most preprocessing of T-cells occurs when?
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before and shortly after birth
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which lymphocytes produce plasma cells that produce antibodies
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B-lyphocytes
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which lyphocytes are known as humoral immunity
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B-lyphocytes
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b lymphocytes migrate where during mid fetal life?
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liver
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b lymphocytes migrate where during late fetal life and after birth?
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bone marrow
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b-lyphocytes migrate where after preprocessing in liver and bone marrow?
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to Lymph
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B lyphocytes have how many surface antibody molecules?
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100,000
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what cells secrete Lymphokines that stimulate B-lymphocytes
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T helper cells
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what digests antigens, pass antigens to lymphocytes and secrete interleukin 1
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Macrophages
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what promotes growth and reproduction of specific lyphocytes?
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Interleukin-1
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T or F Memory cells are dormant until activated by antigens
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True
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T or F memory cells circulate to reduce lymph with memory cells
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false
memory cells circulate to populate lymph with memory cells |
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what increases potency and duration of secondary response?
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memory cells
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aka for gamma globulins is what?
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immunoglobulins
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antibodies are what percentage of plasma proteins?
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20%
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what are composed of light and heavy polypeptide chains?
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antibodies
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what portion of antibodies attaches specifically to a particular type of antigen?
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Variable portion
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T or F the variable portion is different for each specificity of antibody
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True
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which portion of antibodies determines diffusivity through tissues?
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constant portion
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which portion of antibodies attach to the complement complex?
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constant portion
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T or F antigens are specific for antibodies
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False
antibodies are specific for antigens |
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which is the largest Ig and has a molecular mass of +900,000 daltons
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IgM
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Which Ig make up only 5-10% of Ig's
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IgM
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which Ig is circular pentameric arrangement
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IgM
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which Ig is the first response to anigenic challenge
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IgM
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which Ig is localized in the blood?
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IgM
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which Ig has a Bivalent antibody structure
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IgG
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which Ig is the most abundant at numbers of 75-80% in a normal person?
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IgG
trick to remembering(Has most G's) |
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which Ig is found in blood and exravascular spaces?
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IgG
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Which Ig is the secondary immune response?
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IgG
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which Ig precipitates antibodies, virus-neutralizing antibodies,hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and are activators of the classical comlement pathway
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IgG
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which Ig exist as a dimmer, monomers, and polymer?
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IgA
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which is the second most abundant Ig
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IgA
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which Ig is about 10-15% of the Ig's
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IgA
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T or F IgG is larger than IgA
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false
IgA is larger that IgG |
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which Ig is synthesized by plasma cells in the epithelium of the respiratory and GI tracts, and most excretory glands
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IgA
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which Ig is the first line of defense on mucosal surfaces?
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IgA
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which Ig is monomer with the lowest molecular mass
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IgD
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which Ig has only trace amounts found in serum
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IgD
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which Ig is known as surface Ig on blood lymphocytes
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IgD
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which Ig may have lymphocyte activativation and suppression activity
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IgD
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which Ig is slightly larger that IgG and IgA but smaller than IgM?
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IgE
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which Ig is involved in allergy
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IgE
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which Ig attaches to mast cells and basophils?
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IgE
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which Ig mediates allergic reactions and plays role in the response to parasitic infections?
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IgE
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what are some mechanisms of action?
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direct attack
agglutination neutralization lysis opsonization |
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what is a system of about 20 proteins?
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complement system
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which pathway of the complement system is this: its activated by the antigen-antibody reaction
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classical pathway
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which pathway of the complement system is this: C1 is activated
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classical pathway
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which pathway of the complement system is this: its activated without the intermediation of the antigen-antibody reaction
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alternate pathway
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which pathway of the complement system is this: polysaccharide molecules in the cell membranes of invader react with B and D and then C3 is activated
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alternate pathway
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what are some effects of the complement system?
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1. opsonization and phagocytosis (C3b)
2. lysis/lytic complex (C5b6789) 3. agglutination 4. neutralization of viruses 5. chemotaxis (C5a) 6. activation of mast cells and basophils (C3a, C4a, C5a) 7. inflammatory effects |
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what are the most numerous T cells?
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Helper T cells
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which T cells: help with immune function?
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helper T cells
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which T cells: are major regulator of virtually all immune functions?
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helper T cells
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which T cells: form lyphokines?
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helper T cells
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what are protein mediators which act on both other cells of the immune system and bone marrow cells?
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Lymphokines
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what are major stimulus for the immune system?
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Lymphokines
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which lymphokine is this: growth and proliferation of both cytotoxic and suppressor T cells
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interleukin-2
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which lymphokine is this: activation of helper T cells
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interleukin-2
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which lymphokine is this: amplifies immune response
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interleukin-2
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which lymphokine is this: B-cell stimulation factor
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interleukin-4
interleukin-5 interleukin-6 |
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which lymphokine is this: stimulates B-cell growth
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interleukin-4
interleukin-5 interleukin-6 |
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T or F Helper T cells are destroyed or inactivated by HIV
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True
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which type T cells is this: stimulation of growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells
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Helper T cells
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which type of T cells is this: stimulation of B-cell growth and differentiation of form plasma cells and antibodies?
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Helper T cells
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which type of T cells is this: activates the macrophage system
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Helper T cells
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T or F helper T cells can slow or stop migration of the macrophages out of inflamed area
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True
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which type of T cells is this: interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 have less potent effect on them
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Cytotoxic T cells
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which type of T cells is this: are direct-attack cell
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cytotoxic T cells
kill micro-organisms body's own cells |
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which type of T cells is this: bind to cells that contain binding-specific antigen
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Cytotoxic T cells
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which type of T cells is this: secrete perforins
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cytotoxic T cells
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what are perforins?
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hole-forming poteins which punch holes in membrane of the attack cell
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which type of T cells is this: secrete cytotoxic substances
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cytotoxic T cells
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which type of T cells is this: can pull away from cell after destroying it and move to another
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cytotoxic T cells
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which type of T cells is this: will destroy microorganisms, cancer cells, heart transplant cells, cells that appear foreign, tissue cells (self)
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cytotoxic T cells
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which type of T cells is this: are stimulated strongly by lymphokine interleukin-2
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suppressor T cells
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which type of T cells is this: suppress functions of cytotoxic and helper T cells
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suppressor T cells
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which type of T cells is this: regulate excessive immune reaction
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suppressor T cells
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which type of T cells is this: negative feedback to T cells
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suppressor T cells
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ability of the immune system to attack a person's own body tissues is called
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immune tolerance
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which type of T cells is this: Immune tolerance
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suppressor T cells
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suppressor T cells function to do what?
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to counteract autoimmune antibodies
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what counter acts against sensitized helper cells and sensitized cytotoxic T cells
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suppressor T cells
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which autoimmune disease due to failure of tolerance mechanism: attack on joints and heart (valves)
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rheumatic fever
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which autoimmune disease due to failure of tolerance mechanism: exposure to streptococcal toxin with epitope similar to body's own self-antigen
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rheumatic fever
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which autoimmune disease due to failure of tolerance mechanism: reaction against basement membranes of glomeruli
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glomeulonephritis
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immunity develops against ACH receptor proteins of neuromusucular junction and cause paralysis
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myastenia gravis
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which autoimmune disease has a reaction against basement membranes of glomeruli
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glomerulonephritis
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which autoimmune disease: immunity develops against ACH receptor proteins of neuromuscular junction
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myasthenia gravis
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myasthenia gravis causes what?
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paralysis
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which autoimmune disease: immunized against many different body tissues which causes extensive damage often causes death
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Lupus erythematosus
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active or passive immunity: body develops either antibodies or activated T cells in response to invasion of body by foreign antigen
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Active
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active or passive immunity: vaccination
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active immunity
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active or passive immunity: temporary immunity by infusing antibodies, activated T cells or both from some other person or animal.
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passive immunity
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active or passive: antibodies last for 2-3 weeks
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passive immunity
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active or passive: activated T cells last for a few weeks if transfused from another person
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passive immunity
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active or passive: activated T cells last for a few hours to a few days if transfused from an animal
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passive immunity
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what allergy is caused by activated T cells and not antibodies?
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delayed reaction allergy
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what allergy does Poison ivy fall under?
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delayed-reaction allergy
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what allergy's reaction increases with repeated exposures?
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delayed-reaction allergy
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what allergy is considered genetic?
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atopic allergies
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what allergy has large quantities of IgE antibodies
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atopic allergies
1. sensitizing antibodies-reagins 2. allergen-reagin reactions 3. reagins attach to mast cells and basophils causing them to rupture |
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which allergy: allergen enters circulation. histamine- vasodilation and leukotrienes from cells spasm of smooth muscle of the bronchioles
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anaphylaxis
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what allergy: antigen enters skin. vasodilation is a red flare. permeability of capillaries, swelling, and hives
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urticaria
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what allergy: nose. histamine release and swelling
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hay fever
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what allergy: mast cells- slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (leukotrienes). not histamine induced.
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asthma
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T or F at birth antibodies begin to develop
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False at birth there are zero antibodies and they begin to develop at 2-8 months
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T or F 2-8 months after birth, maximum titer
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false
at 2-8 months you begin to produce antibodies |
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T or F 8-10 years of age, maximum titer
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True
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T or F antibody titer increases with age
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false
declines with age |
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which blood typing: patient's cells
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forward typing
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which blood typing: serum with known antibodies
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forward typing
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which blood typing: patient's serum
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reverse typing
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which blood typing: known cells
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reverse typing
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Rh positive or negative: has D antigen
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Rh+
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Rh positive or negative: has no D antigen
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Rh-
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What are the Dominant Rh antigens?
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D,C,E
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what are the recessive Rh antigens?
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d,c,e
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Which Rh antigen is the most antigenic?
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D
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what is a hemolytic disease of the newborn?
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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what is erythroblastosis fetalis characterized by?
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agglutination and phagocytosis of the red blood cells
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Rh- or Rh+: comes from the father
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Rh+ (D antigen)
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Rh- or Rh+: comes from the mother
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Rh- (no D antigen)
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Erythroblastosis fetalis: Rh+(D) antibodies
1. T or F are IgM 2. T or F can't cross the placenta 3. T or Fcause agglutination of baby's blood 4. T or F anemia will result |
1. False :are IgG
2. False:can cross the placenta 3. True:cause agglutination of baby's blood 4. True:anemia will result |
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erythroblastosis fetalis: kernicterus
T or F>30 mg/dl of bilirubin T or F crosses blood/brain barrier of infant T or F causes: jaundice, mental retardation and even death |
1. false: >20 mg/dl of bilirubin
2. True: crosses blood/brain barrier of infant 3. True: causes jaundice, mental retardation and even death |
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which graft:
transplant from and into the same animal EX skin graft |
autograft
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which graft:
graft from one identical twin to another |
isograft
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which graft:
graft from same species (human to human) |
allograft
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which graft:
graft from one species to another species (animal to human) |
xenograft
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what is the most important antigens for causing graft rejections
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HLA complex of antigens
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T or F only 6 HLA complex of antigens are present on he cells surface of any one person
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True
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what are some ways to prevent the rejection of Graft
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1. suppression of the immune system especially T cells
2. glucocorticoid hormones 3. drugs which are toxic to lymphoid tissue 4. cyclosporine- inhibitory to helper T cells |
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what are the components of hemostasis?
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blood platelets, endothelial cells, and plasma coagulation factors.
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formation of the platelet plug: adherence is activated by what?
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plasma substances
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formation of the platelet plug: adherence is initiated by what?
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cell substances
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T or F platelets change with exposure to collagen or damaged vascular surface
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T
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T or F formation of a blood clot 15-20 sec after minor trauma to vascular wall
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false
minor= 1-2 mins major= 15-20 sec |
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T or F formation of a blood clot for a severe trauma occurs 15-20 secs after trauma to vascular wall
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True
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clot retraction occurs within how long?
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20mins to an hour
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place these clotting roles in order:
1. normal vessel 2. platelet adherence 3. formation of hemostatic plug 4. clot retraction 5. formation of stable fibrin clot 6. fibrin strands strengthen plug 7. vessel injury 8. platelet aggregation |
normal vessel
vessel injury platelet adherence platelet aggregation formation of hemostatic plug (bleeding stops) fibrin strands strengthen plug formation of stable fibrin clot clot retraction |
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how large are platelets in diameter?
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2-4 micrometers
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what are platelets formed from?
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megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
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what is the normal concentration of platelets?
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150,000 to 300,000/ microliter
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platelets have a half-life of about how many days?
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8-12days
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platelets are eliminated by what?
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tissue macrophage system-mostly in the spleen
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T or F platelets can not reproduce and have no nuclei
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True
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platelets cytoplasm contains what that causes contraction?
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thrombosthenin
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platelets cytoplasm contains all of the following except:
actin and myosin molecules thrombothenin for contraction residuals of ER and Golgi Apparatus mitochondria RER for synthesizing ribose enzymes which synthesize prostaglandins fibrin-stabilizing factor growth factor |
RER for synthesizing ribose
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mitochondria found in platelets cytoplasm contains what?
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ATP
ADP |
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the growth factor found in platelets cytoplasm is for what?
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cellular growth and repair
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the residuals of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus found in the platelets cytoplasm is for what
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synthesizing enzymes and store large quantities of calcium ions
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platelets cell membrane has a surface coat made of what?
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glycoproteins
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the glycoproteins found on the surface of the platelets cell membrane are for what?
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avoids adherence to endothelium and adheres to injured areas of vessel wall and collagen
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the cell membrane of platelets contains what?
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glycoproteins on the surface of the cell membrane
phospholipids |
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fibrinogen is aka for?
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factor 1
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factor 2 needs what and is aka for what
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its vitamin K dependent
prothrombin |
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tissue factor is aka for what?
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factor 3
tissue thromboplastin |
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calcium is aka for?
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factor 4
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factor 5 is aka for?
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proaccelerin; labile factor; Ac-globulin (Ac-G)
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factor 7 is aka for?
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serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA); proconvertin; stable factor, vitamin k dependent
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factor 8 is aka for?
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antihemophilic factor (AHF); antihemophilic globulin (AHG); antihemophilic factor A
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factor 9 is aka for?
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plasma thromboplastin component(PCT); christmas factor; antihemophilic factor B, vitamin K dependent
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factor 10 is aka for?
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Stuart factor; stuart-power factor; vitamin k dependent
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factor 11 is aka for??
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Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA); antihemphilic factor C
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factor 12 is aka for?
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hageman factor
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factor 13 is aka for?
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fibrin-stabilizing factor
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prekallikrein is aka for
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fletcher factor
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high-molecular-weight kininogen is aka for?
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fitzgerald factor; HMWK
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T or F more than 50 substances are involved in coagulation?
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True
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procoagulate _____1____ coagulation and anticoagulants ____2______ coagulation
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1. promote
2. inhibit |
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prothrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin into what?
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thrombin
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T or F prothrombin is a plasma protein, alpha 2-globulin, and has a MW of about 68,700MW
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True
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where is prothrombin formed?
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formed by the liver
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is prothromin vitamin K dependent or independent?
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vitamin k dependent
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thrombin acts as a enzyme and converts fibrinogen into what?
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fibrin fibers
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fibrogen has a MW of what
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340,000
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where is fibrogen formed?
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in the liver
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T or F fibrogen is coenzyme
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False
protein |
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thrombin is a protein enzyme with what type of capabilities?
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proteolytic
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thrombin polymerizes fibrin into long fibrin fibers that form the what of a clot?
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reticulum
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T or F interstitial fluid coagulates fast
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false
it coagulates poorly |
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T or F platelets are not necessary for clot retraction
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False
they are necessary |
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what is accelerated by thrombin and Ca+
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Contraction
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what is the extrinsic pathway?
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1. trauma to the vascular wall and surrounding tissues
2. release of tissue factor (several factors) |
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what is the intrinsic pathway?
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1. begins in blood
2. clotting factors vitamin k dependent: prothrombin,factors 7,9,10 and protein C |
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T or F phospholipids are only necessary in the activation of the intrinsic pathway
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false
phosphlipids are necessary for activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways |
