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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lambda
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wavelength
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nu
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frequency
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E
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energy per photom
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speed of light in a vacuum
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2.998 x10^8 m/s
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2 types of radiation used in diagnostic rads
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electromagnetic and particulate
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2 potential fates of EM radiation
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scattered or absorpbed
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types of EM radiation
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radiant heat, radio, tv, microwave, infrared, visibkem /uv, XR, gamma ray
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types of radiation impt in imaging
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gamma
XR visible radiofrequency |
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when is FM used during imaging
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in MRI
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when describing a wave, what is a period
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time req'd to complete 1 cycle of a wave
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formula relating speed, frequency , and wavelength
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c=lambda x nu
c= speed of light, constant |
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units for frequency
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Hz
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term used to describe EM when it is particulate
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quantum/photon
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nucleon
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protons + neutrons
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symbol for atomic number
determined by |
Z
det by + protons |
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idifference btwn mass number and mass
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mass # is comprised of # of protons and neutrons
atomic mass = actual weight |
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2 main forces within a nucleus
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electrostatic repulsive and attractive forces within nucleus
aka strong force |
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ground state
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lowest energy state
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excited state
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nuclei with energy in excess of ground state
if this state lasts longer than 10^-12s, then is metastatic (ex tc-99m) |
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types of nuclear families
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isotope (same # of protons, ex I-131 and I 125)
isobar (same atomic mass #, MO-99 or Tc-99) isotone (same # of neutrons - I 131 and Xe 132) isomer (same atomic and mass #, diff energy states) |
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equation to determine how much energy is in a photon/quantum
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E=hv or E = hc/lambda
(E = energy h = planck's constant v/"nu" (frequency) |
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planck's constant
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6.62 x 10^-34 Js or
4.13x 10^-18 keVs |
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beta particle
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e- emitted from nucleus of radioactive atom, consisting of 2 neutrons and 2 protons
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what releases alpha particles
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uranium
thorium radium |
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concept of einstein's theory of relativity
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mass and energy are interchangable and equivalent
in any rxn these must be preserved |
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equation for theory of relativity
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E=mc^2
E = energy m = mass c = speed of light |
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energy equivalent of 1 e-
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0.511 MeV
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how are quantum lvls denoted
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k, l, m, n, etc
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how to determine the max # of e- on any quantum lvl
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2n^2
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define binding energy
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energy req'd to completely remove an e- from an atom
binding energy decreases as distance from nucleus increases |
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ionizing energy
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energy req'd to move 1 e- from 1 quantum lvl to another
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T or F:
binding energy increases as atomic # incresaes |
true
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what is electron cascade
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when an e- is removed from orbit, a vacancy is created. vacancy is filled by e= from an outer orbit, whose vacancy is filled by another e-. energy is released as EM or particulate radiation
this cascade can result in characteristic XR or auger e- |
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characteristic X ray
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emissions from e- transitions >100eV, it isspecific to atom type and final quantum states
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how to calculate characteristic X ray ENERGY
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delta E = E initial - E final (inintial and final refer to the quantum level)
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auger e-
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an electron that is ejected as a result of the cascade electron process
it possesse the kinetic energy = transition energy and binding energy |
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probability that e- transition will result in a characteristic XR
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omega
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when is it more likely to have an auger e- vs a characteristic XR
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when there are vacancies in light elements or outer shells of heavy elements
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define atomic binding energy
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e- binding energy + nuclear binding energy
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which energy is greater: e- binding energy or nuclear binding energy
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nuclear binding energy
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nuclear binding energy
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energy needed to dissociate the nucleas into its parts
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t or f:
total energy of bound particles is> separated free particles in nucleus |
true ;
when 2 particles approach each other under the influence of the strong force, total energy decreases |
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mass defect
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atomic mass - mas (protoni + neutron + e-) = mass defect
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