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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In an tungsten atom, how many electrons occupy the P shell?
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2
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What is the atomic number for tungsten?
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74
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Using the formula: 2(N squared), How many electrons occupy the N shell?
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32
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What is the maximum number of electrons orbiting in the outermost shell?
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8 or less
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True or false. 500 millimeters is equal to 1/2 meter.
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True
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What is the force or electrical pressure that produces electron movement in a circuit?
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Voltage
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Resistance is equal to:
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Voltage divided by amperage
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If a circuit has a resistance of 5 ohms and a current of 42 amps, how many volts are in this circuit?
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210
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What is the unit of resistance?
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ohm
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If a motor operates optimally at 1500 watts, how many amps will be necessary to operate it at this level if the circuit is 110 volts?
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13.6 amps
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True or false. Step-up and step-down transformers operate on the principle of self-induction.
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False (mutual induction)
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The process of converting an AC current into a DC current is known as:
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Rectification
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True or false. A magnetic material with high retentivity will have a low permeability.
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True
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True or false. A dipole is a group of atoms with their magnetic fields randomly arranged until they are influenced by an outside source.
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False
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A step-down transformer will have _____ coils on the primary side than on the secondary side.
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More
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Nearly all x-ray equipment operates on an incoming line of _____ volts.
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210-220
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In a single-phase, full wave rectified machine, the x-ray production starts and stops ___ times during ¼ of a second.
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30
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U.S. Public law 90-602 states that for an exposure done at 48 kVp, the generator must terminate the exposure at _______.
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2000
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The focusing cup in an x-ray tube is made of ______.
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Nickel
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A series of 8 exposures is made on a single-phase, half-wave rectified x-ray machine (Rectification constant of 1). The technique used for all 8 exposures is 78 kVp @ 150 mAs. What is the total of heat units produced?
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93,600 HU
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The type of x-ray tube that has a third electrode attached to the focusing cup which allows the charge to the cup to be switched from negative to positive is known as:
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Grid bias tube
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The alloy used in filaments is actually a blend of tungsten and _______.
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Thorium
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True or false. A tungsten filament will not exhibit significant thermionic emission below 2000 degrees centigrade.
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True
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The distance that the projectile electrons must travel between the cathode and the anode in an x-ray tube is approximately:
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1/2 inch
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The type of tube that has the ability to increase the negative charge to the focusing cup in order to reduce the size of the actual focal spot is known as:
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Bias focusing
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The American Physicist that developed the modern x-ray tube for General Electric was:
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William Coolidge
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In order to cover a 14 x 17 cassette at 40", the minimum target angle must be no less than:
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12 degrees
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True or false. Focal spot blooming is caused by the repulsion of the projectile electrons and does not have a resounding affect upon image detail.
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True
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Because of the anode heel effect, a radiograph will have more density at the _____ end of the tube.
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Cathode
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True or false. The Angstrom is a unit of measurement used to measure the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation.
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True
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A series of 18 exposures were done sequentially on a high frequency machine (1.45). The first 10 were done using a technique of 80 kVp @ 46 mAs. The last 8 exposures were done using 95 kVp @ 46 mAs. What was the total amount of heat units produced with this series?
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104,052 HU
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High speed anodes (+8,000 rpm) have to be slowed after an exposure because:
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The harmonics produced between 5,000 and 7,000 rpm can shatter the glass tube.
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With any electromagnetic radiation, as wavelength increases, what has to decrease?
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frequency
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True or false. The type of single-phase x-ray waveform that is the result of converting the opposing half of the incoming electron flow so that none of the current is 'wasted' is known as full-wave rectification.
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True
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True or false. The term used to describe the physical area of the target that is impacted by the projectile electrons is the 'actual focal spot'.
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True
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The type of x-ray generator that starts the exposure at the highest possible mA station is known as:
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Falling load generator
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What are the 3 methods of charging a conductor?
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induction, contact, and friction
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True or false. A wye is necessary for producing a high frequency waveform.
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False
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The only part of the x-ray tube that is external to the glass envelope is the:
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Stator
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The speed in which the incident electrons attain before reaching the anode target is approximately:
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Half the speed of light
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Beta particles are identical to ______ except for their orgin.
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Electrons
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As the kinetic energy of the incident electrons increases, so does:
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The efficiency in which photons are produced.
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The type of radiation that is produced by an incident electron interacting with the nuclei of a target atom is:
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Brehmsstruhlung
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Will an orbiting electron moving from the P shell into the L shell produce a photon in diagnostic range?
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No (only an electron that moves into the K shell)
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At a setting of 68 kVp with a tungsten anode, the percentage of your beam is composed of characteristic x-rays is:
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None
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The binding energy of a O shell electron in a tungsten atom is:
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.08 keV
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The most common type of personnel monitoring device used in Radiology is the:
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OSL
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If during a procedure, a patient's skin started turning red from a prolonged exposure, this would be considered a _______ effect.
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Somatic
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An alpha particle is composed of :
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Two protons and two neutrons
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The type of field survey instrument that is only good at detecting particulate radiations and does not provide measurement of exposure is the:
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Geiger-Mueller survey instrument
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If an x-ray tube uses a molybdenum anode, the K-shell Characteristic peak is about:
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18 keV
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The type of personnel monitoring device that can measure exposures as low as 1 mrem and can detect whether an exposure was dynamic or static is:
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The OSL
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The type of scatter radiation that is responsible for impairing image contrast and detail is:
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Compton's
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The atomic number for lead is:
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82
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True or false. As grid frequency decreases, its ability to remove scatter increases.
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True
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If a grid has lead lines that are 2 mm in height and there is .25 mm interspace between each line, the ratio of this grid is:
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8:1
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If you used 48 mAs to produce a good-quality film using a grid with a 6:1 ratio, how much mAs would be needed to produce a similar quality film with a 10:1 grid if all other factors remain the same?
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80 mAs
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If you used 60 mAs to produce a good-quality film using a grid with a 10:1 ratio, how much mAs would be needed to produce a similar quality film without the grid if all other factors remain the same?
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12 mAs
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The two most common grid errors are:
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Off center and off level grid cut off
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The brand of cassette that can be turned upside down in order to reduce scatter radiation from reaching the film is:
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Kodak X-Omatic
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What is the atomic number for aluminum?
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13
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How is subject detail controlled?
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The distance between the patient and the IR
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True or false. Air has a greater effective atomic number but is less dense than fat or muscle.
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True
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When a photoelectric interaction happens in soft tissue, the secondary photon is very weak because:
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The atomic number of the soft tissue is low
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Upside down grid error is possible with:
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Linear focused grids
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The type of interaction that results in the complete absorption of the primary photon, the production of a seconday photon, and is a major factor in diagnostic imaging is known as:
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Photoelectric effect
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What is the atomic number for berylium?
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4
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A good technique done at 60" is 85 kVp at 16 mAs. If you were to decrease your distance to 40" and not change the kVp, your new mAs should be:
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7 mAs
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If the leakage radiation measured at 1 meter from the tube housing is 100 mR/hr, what is it if it's measured at 2 meters from the housing?
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25 mR/hr
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With a Tungsten anode, characteristic interactions are not produced below:
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70 kVp
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The x-ray interaction that is responsible for creating the radiographic image through differential absorption is:
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Photoelectric
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True or false. A beryllium window on an x-ray tube is necessary to increase the inherent filtration when compared to a glass window.
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False (decrease filtration)
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True or false. Secondary radiation created through the Photoelectric effect will have higher energies as the atomic number of the irradiated material increases.
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True
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True or false. As the lead content of a grid increases, the ability of the grid to remove scatter and improve contrast decreases.
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False
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During a Compton's interaction, the photon will continue on in another direction with ______ (more or less) energy.
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Less because of the interaction
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True or false. When altering techniques for increases or decreases in density, the primary controller of x-ray intensity is kVp and the 15% rule should be employed before changing the mAs.
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False
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Most of the inherent filtration created by the the collimator box is from:
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The silver on the mirror that reflects the light field.
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True or false. Reciprocity law failure is not very significant in diagnostic radiology.
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True, because it only occurs in very low and very high levels of radiation (outside of diagnostic range)
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Most of the exposure to film when using a film/screen combination is a result from the production of:
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Light
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True or false. Coherent scatter is significant in diagnostic imaging.
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False
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The Characteristic cascade is an event that is associated with which type of interaction?
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Photoelectric
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As kVp increases the total number of photons that are transmitted without interactions _______.
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Increases
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When just comparing body tissues, soft tissues interactions are about 50/50 Compton's and Photoelectric at about:
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26 keV
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The type of interaction that produces two photons of 0.51 Megavolts is:
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Pair production
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In the diagnostic imaging range, most of the photons that strike the patient are:
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Attenuated
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The kind of interaction that excites the nucleus and causes a nuclear fragment to be released is known as:
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Photodisintigration
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Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen all have K-shell binding energies of:
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Less than 1 keV
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What is empyema?
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Pus in the thoracic cavity
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What is an edema?
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Swelling or inflammation caused by injury
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When a disease is known to to cause your bones to increase the production of bone tissue, this disease is known as:
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Osteoblastic
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Oversecretion of parathyroid hormone will cause:
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Decreased bone density
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Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity is known as:
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Ascites
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An overgrowth of the hands, feet, face and/or jaw caused by homone secretion is known as:
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Acromegaly
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_______ is a malignant tumor of the metaphysis.
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Fibrosarcoma
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Multiple myeloma is an ______ disease.
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Osteolytic
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What is a pneumonectomy?
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Surgical removal of a lung
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A complication of congestive heart failure is:
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Pulmonary edema
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Paget's disease results in:
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Increased bone thickness
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True or false. When the mycobacteria that causses Tuberculosis reaches the lungs via the bloddstream, it is known as miliary.
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True
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What causes the liver to enlarge and can cause ascites?
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Cirrhosis
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What is the minimum change in kVp that will create a noticeable difference on the image?
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5%
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Upside down grid error can only occur with which kind of grid?
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Linear focused grids because the lines are angled to the divergent rays
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What type of grids will have a short focal range?
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Low frequency
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What determines the frequency of a grid?
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How many lead lines per inch
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