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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is technology?
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the application of science for practical purposes
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What is a scientific law?
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a statement that reliably predicts events under certain conditions ex: The sun sets in the west and rises in the east.
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What is a scientific theory?
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a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence
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What is critical thinking?
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approaching a problem by asking questions, making observations, and using logic
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What are scientific methods?
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general ways to help organize your thinking about questions
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What is a variable?
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a thing that can affect the outcome of an experiment
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What is length?
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SI measurement
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What is mass?
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a quantity of matter
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What is volume?
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SI measurement
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What is weight?
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the force that gravity pulls on a quantity of matter
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What is scientific notation?
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reducing the number of zeros in very big or very small numbers by expressing the values as simple numbers multiplied by a power of ten
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What is precision?
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exactness of measurements
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What is a significant figure? ( aka. sig figs )
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used to show the precision of a measured quantity
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What is accuracy?
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the exact quantity
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What is matter?
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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What is an element?
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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
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What is an atom?
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the smallest unit of an element that keeps the element's chemical properties
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What is a molecule?
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the smallest unit of a substance that behaves like the substance
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What is a compound?
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a substance made up of atoms of different elements
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What is a pure substance?
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Matter that has fixed composition and definite properties
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What is a mixture?
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a combination of substances that are not chemically combined
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What is the melting point?
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the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid
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What is the boiling point?
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the temperature and pressure at which a liquid becomes a gas
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What is density?
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a measurement of how much matter is contained in a certain volume of a substance
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What is reactivity?
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the ability of a substance to combine with another substance
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What is a physical change?
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a change in matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
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What is a chemical change?
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a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
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What are fluids?
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a state of matter where the atoms or molecules can move past each other ( liquid or gas )
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What is plasma?
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a state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume but is ionized
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What is energy?
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the ability to change or move matter, or to do work
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What is temperature?
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a measure of the average kinetic every of the particles in an object
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What is thermal energy?
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the total kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance
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What is evaporation?
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the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
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What is sublimation?
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solid to gas
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What is condensation?
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gas to liquid
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What is thermal expansion?
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when substances are heated, they expand
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What is buoyancy?
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rubber ducks float, because the molecules are pushing up
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What is viscosity?
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the resistance of a gas or liquid to flow ( like cold honey ) because of the particle attraction
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What are protons?
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particles with positive charge and are in the nucleus
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What are neutrons?
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particles with no charge and are in the nucleus
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What is the atomic number?
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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What is the mass number?
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the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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What is an isotope?
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an atom that has the same number of protons but a deferent number fi neutrons relative to other atoms of the same element
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What is the orbital?
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a region in an atom where it is likely to find electrons
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What is a photon?
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a unit of light produced by electrons when they jump down energy levels
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What is the periodic law?
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the law that says that the repeating chemical/physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements
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What is a period?
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a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
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What is a group?
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a vertical row of elements in the periodic table; elements in a group share chemical properties
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What is an ion?
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a charged atom
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What is a metal?
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an element that is shiny and conducts heat and electricity well
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What is a nonmetal?
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an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly
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What is a semiconductor?
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an element/compound that conducts electric current better than an insulator does, nut not as well as a conductor does
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What is an alkali metal?
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one of the elements of group 1 of the periodic table; short and sony and reacts violently with water
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What is an alkaline-earth metal?
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one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table; hard, dense, strong, and higher melting points
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What is a transition metal?
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one of the metals that can use the inner shell before using the outer shell to bond
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What is a noble gas?
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one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table; gas of neon lights
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What is a halogen?
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one of the elements of group 17 of the periodic table; highly reactive gas
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What is an ionic bond?
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the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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What is a covalent bond?
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a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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What is a metallic bond?
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a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ion ]s and the electrons around them
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What are polyatomic ions?
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groups of covalently bonded atoms that have a positive/negative charge as a group
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What is a synthesis reaction?
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a reaction where multiple substances combine to form a new compound ( ex: A+B=AB )
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What is a decomposition reaction?
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reactions in which substances are broken apart ( ex: AB=A+B )
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What is a combustion reaction?
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a reaction of an organic compound where heat is released
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What is a single-displacement reaction?
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a reaction where one element takes the place of another element in a compound ( ex: AD+B=A+DB )
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What is a double-displacement reaction?
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a reaction where two compounds appear to exchange ions ( ex: AX+BY=AY+BX )
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What is a free radical?
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an atom/group of atoms that has one unpaired electron
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What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?
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a reaction where one substance loses electrons and another substance gains electrons
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What is a catalyst?
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a substance that changes the rate of a reaction
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What is an enzyme?
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a molecule, either protein or RNA, that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions
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What is a substrate?
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the reactant that is catalyzed, or acted upon, by an enzyme
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What is a chemical equilibrium?
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a state where a reversible chemical reaction is proceeding in both directions equally
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What is a suspension?
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a mixture where particles are evenly distributed through a liquid or gas
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What is a colloid?
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a mixture of tiny particles that are between the size of solutions and suspensions
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What is an emulsion?
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a mixture with two or more immiscible liquids where one liquid is dispersed in the other
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What is a solution?
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a homogeneous mixture where two or more substances are uniformly dispersed
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What is a solute?
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the substance that dissolves
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What is a solvent?
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the substance in which the solute dissolves
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What is an alloy?
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a solid/liquid mixture of two or more metals
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What is polar?
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describes a molecule where positive and negative charges are separated
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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force that happens when a hydrogen atom is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule
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What is non polar?
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describes a molecule where the centers of positive and negative charges are not separated
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What is solubility?
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the ability of a substance to dissolve into another
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What is concentration?
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the amount of a substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore
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What is a saturated solution?
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a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions
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What is an unsaturated solution?
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a solution that is able to dissolve additional solute
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What is a supersaturated solution?
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a solution that holds more dissolved solute than is required to reach equilibrium at a given temperature
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What is molarity?
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a concentration unit of a solution expresses in moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution
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What is an acid?
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any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water
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What s an indicator?
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a compound that can reversibly change color depending on conditions such as pH
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What is an electrolyte?
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a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current
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What is a base?
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any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
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What is pH?
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a value that indicates the concentration of hydronium ions ( acid )
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What is a neutralization reaction?
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the reaction between an acid and a base
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What is a salt?
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an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom or positive radical replaces the hydrogen of an acid
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What is soap?
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a substance that is used as a cleaner and that dissolves in water
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What is a detergent?
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a water-soluble cleaner that can emulsify dirt and oil
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What is bleach?
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a chemical compound used to turn a stain colorless
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What is an antacid?
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a weak base that neutralizes stomach acid
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What is nuclear radiation?
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the particles that are released from the nucleus during radioactive decay
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What is an alpha particle?
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positively charged particles that are more massive than any other type of nuclear radiation
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What is a beta particle?
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either fast moving electrons or positrons that have the same mass of electrons
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What is a gamma ray?
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a high energy photon emitted by a nucleus during fission and radioactive decay
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What is fission?
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the process of splitting heavier nuclei into lighter nuclei
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