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22 Cards in this Set
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density
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mass of a substance per unit volume. weight density is weight per unit volume. in general, any item per space element.
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pressure
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Force per surface area where the force is normal (perpendicular) to the surface; measured in pascals. See also atmospheric pressure.
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force per surface area
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atmospheric pressure
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Pressure exerted against bodies immersed in the atmosphere resulting from the weight of air pressing down from above. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is about 101 kPa.
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Pressure exerted against bodies
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heat transfer by conduuction
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(a) In heat, energy transfer from particle to particle within certain materials, or from one material to another when the two are in direct contact. (b) In electricity, the flow of electric charge through a conductor.
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transfer from particle to particle within certain materials,
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heat transfer by convection
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Means of heat transfer by movement of the heated substance itself, such as by currents in a fluid.
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heat transfer by radation
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(a) Energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves
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absolute zero
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Lowest possible temperature that any substance can have; the temperature at which the atoms of a substance have their minimum kinetic energy. The temperature of absolute zero is –273.15°C, which is –459.7°F and 0 kelvin.
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–273.15°C, which is –459.7°F and 0 kelvin.
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a barometer
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Device used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere.
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to measure the atmosphere.
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thermal conductivity
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(a) In heat, energy transfer from particle to particle within certain materials, or from one material to another when the two are in direct contact.
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temperature gradient
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A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of degrees (on a particular temperature scale) per unit length. The SI unit is kelvin per meter (K/m).
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archimedes principle
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When an object is immersed in water, it feels lighter. In a cylinder filled with water, the action of inserting a mass in the liquid causes it to displace upward. In 212 B.C., the Greek scientist Archimedes discovered the following principle: an object is immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
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law of fluid pressure
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"a change in the pressure of an enclosed incompressible fluid is conveyed undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the surfaces of its container.
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bernoulli's principle
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Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
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newtons's law of cooling
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The rate of cooling of an object—whether by conduction, convection, or radiation—is approximately proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.
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greenhouse effect
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Warming effect caused by short–wavelength radiant energy from the sun that easily enters the atmosphere and is absorbed by the Earth, but when radiated at longer wavelengths cannot easily escape the Earth's atmosphere.
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global warming
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Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century
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frequency
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For a vibrating body or medium, the number of vibrations per unit time. For a wave, the number of crests that pass a particular point per unit time. Frequency is measured in hertz
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wavelenght
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Distance between successive crests, troughs, or identical parts of a wave.
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absorption
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in wave motion, the transfer of the energy of a wave to matter as the wave passes through it. The energy of an acoustic, electromagnetic, or other wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude—i.e., the maximum displacement or movement of a point on the wave; and, as the wave passes through a substance, its amplitude steadily decreases. If there is only a small fractional absorption of energy, the medium is said to be transparent to that particular radiation, but, if all the energy is lost, the medium is said to be opaque. All known transparent substances show absorption to some extent. For instance, the ocean appears to be transparent to sunlight near the surface, but it becomes opaque with depth.
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heat
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The energy that flows from one object to another by virtue of a difference in temperature. Measured in calories or joules.
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thermal expansion
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Thermal expansion is the tendency of a matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving and become active thus maintaining a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature are rare; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.
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specific heat capacity
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Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (or equivalently, by one kelvin). Often simply called specific heat.
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