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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shared Sources of Knowledge
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Authority, Intuition, Reason, Sensory Data
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Scientific Method
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Hypothesis, prediction, data, analysis, hypothesis
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6 Self Evident Truths
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Causality, Time Symmetry, Position Symmetry, Occam's Razor, Existence, Non-contradiction
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Gravitational Force
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- small & weak force, huge range
- depends on mass and distance - f(g) = GMun/d^2 |
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Electromagnetic Force
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- Holds molecules together
- Holds electrons to the nuclei of atoms - Force depends on charge |
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Strong Force
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- Very strong, short range
- Holds nucleus together |
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Velocity
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Speed in a particular direction
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Acceleration
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Change in velocity, caused by force
- can increase/decrease speed, change direction |
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Centripetal Force
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Acceleration at a right angle to velocity
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How do you know what's in the Earth?
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1. Direct Observation
2. Evidence from meteorites 3. Seismic Waves 4. Density 5. Magnetic Fields (Through liquid and magnetic iron) |
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Seismic Waves
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P-Waves (compression) travel through solid and bend/refract in liquid
S-Waves (Shear) travel slower, only through solid |
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Compositional Layer
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1. Crust (silicates)
2. Mantle (oxides, peridotite, some iron and silicates) 3. Core (mostly iron) |
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Mechanical Layer
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1. Lithosphere (rigid, brittle)
2. Asthenosphere (plastic, flows but still solid, s waves can travel) 3. Mesosphere (solid, still plasticky, flowing) 4. Outer Core (liquid) 5. Inner Core (solid) |
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Divergent Boundaries
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Plates move apart.
Continent-Continent: rift valleys, crust cracks (can make oceans), earthquakes, small volcanoes Ocean-Ocean: ridges, earthquakes |
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Convergent Boundaries
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Plates collide.
Ocean-Ocean: older, denser plate subducts, melts, magma rises and makes volcanoes, island arcs, trenches Ocean-Continent: Ocean subducts, rock melts and forms mountain belts, trenches Continent-Continent: mountains, no subduction or volcanoes |
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Transform Boundaries
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Plates slide past, earthquakes
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Hotspots
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Form in middle of plates, magma under crust is stationary, causes linear island arcs
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Why do plates move?
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Gravity pushes them down, buoyancy pushes them up
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Ridge Push
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happens at ridges, divergent plate boundaries
- ridge makes itself lower and spreads apart |
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Slab-Pull
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Convergent Plate Boundary, subduction
- plates move on asthenosphere, lithosphere floats on top |
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Relative Dating: 5 Ways
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1. Original Horizontality
2. Superposition (oldest bottom, youngest top) 3. Inclusions (older than rock that surrounds it) 4. Cross-cuts (younger than rock it cuts) 5. Faunal Succession (fossils in rock, date relative age) |
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Igneous Rock
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- Formed by magma
Intrusive: magma underground, crystals cool slowly Extrusive, lava above ground, air pockets and porous |
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Metamorphic Rock
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- Formed by rocks that undergo heat and pressure
Foliation: lines/layers from rock compression |
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Sedimentary Rock
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- Taking grains and cementing together with water
- Water lowers the melting temp. |
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Alluvial Fans
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- Brown, arid climates, no water, sediment is deposited at low elevations
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Delta
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- Blue, Humid, lots of water
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Valleys
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V-shaped: river
U-shaped: glacier |
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Greenhouse Gas
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absorb infrared light, warms up atmosphere
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Red Giants
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Medium and big starts makes supernovas and explode
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Medium Stars
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Make neutrons, remnants of supernovas
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Biggest Stars
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Make black holes
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3 Evidences of Big Bang
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1. Cosmological Red Shift: galaxies become redder as they move away
2. Microwave radiation: leftover energy from big bang 3. 75-25 ration, hydrogen to helium |
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Buoyancy
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upward force on an object equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
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Relativity
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Movement is relative. Speed of light does not change.
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Soundwaves
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Increase in amplitude = more volume
Frequency = pitch |
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Lightwaves
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Increase amplitude = brightness
Frequency = color |
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Decreasing frequency, increasing wavelength:
Gamma, xray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio |
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Interference
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Constructive: crests or troughs meet up --> more light
Destructive: crest meets trough - no light |
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Wave Energy
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determined by amplitude
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Particle Energy
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determined by frequency
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Photoelectric Effect
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Proved particle nature of light. Both photons and electrons will act like waves when pushed through slits
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Wave Properties
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1. Reflection
2. Refraction 3. Interference 4. Diffraction 3&4 are specific to light only, not particles |
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Continuous Model
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Couldn't explain Brownian motion (why particles moved in Petri dish)
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Molecular Model
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Tried to account for Brownian motion:
1. all matter made from molecules 2. different matter = different molecules 3. constantly in motion 4. follow newton's laws DIdn't account for charges, couldn't explain gas discharge experiment |
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Gas Discharge Experiment
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A tube with a - and + end. Put gas and electricity in, and molecules break into - and + particles. Go to opposite ends.
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Plum Pudding Model
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electrons embedded in positive charge. did gold foil experiment (shot alpha particles through gold foil, but they bounced back) --> nucleus
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Solar System Model
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Nucleus in the middle with electrons orbiting. But didn't explain discrete spectra, there were no levels to jump to
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Modified Solar System Model
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Only worked with hydrogen, disproved by logic.
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Quantum Model
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Orbitals (standing waves of probability)
- Standing waves have nodes and antinodes. Electrons always found in antinodes |
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Heisenburg Uncertainty
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You can't know position and momentum at the same time
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Periodic Trends
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1. #s at the top tell you how many valence electrons
2. Columns have same properties, react same way |
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Ionization Energy
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Energy it takes to strip electron away from atom - noble gases have high, don't want to give away electrons
- Goes low to high (Bottom L to top R) |
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Atomic Volume
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High to low (bottom L to top R)
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Staircase
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metals on the left, nonmetals on the right
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Metallic Bond
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- bond between two metals
- makes a sea of electrons (holds the thing together0 - makes positive ions - Metallic ions are always positively charged to the amount of electrons it lost |
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Properties of Metals
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- Electrons can move around (makes metals malleable)
- Beor model: the orbits overlap, so the electrons don't have to make any jump - Metals are electrically conductive (electric wiring is metal wire) - electrons can travel through the material - metallic bonds are opaque - Reflectivity is due to absorption and immediate emission - High melting temperature (determined by metallic bond) |
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Ionic Bond
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Bonds are negative because they're gaining more electrons
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Properties of Ionic Bonds
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- Have alternating charge patterns, lattice
- Ionic bonds neutralize original characteristics - Electrons cannot move easily, are non-conductive - High melting temperature because you can accumulate more bonds (like metal) - In the Beor model, the orbits are far apart, electrons would have to make a big jump (needs lots of energy) - Transparent - If you dissolve the molecules, it can be conductive. |
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Covalent Bonds
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Share valence electrons
- have intermolecular forces |
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Intermolecular Forces
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1. Dispersion: really weak froce between atons (has to have a really big atom to be stronger)
2. Dipole-Dipole: polarity (separation of charges within an atom) 3. Hydrogen Bonding (stronger than normal doploe bonds |
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Dispersion Forces
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- Depend on surface area. The longer the moleculy is, the stronger the force.
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Entropy
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Disorder
- universal entropy always increases |
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Reaction Graph
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Reactants break the bonds, more bonds are created at lower energy levels. The rate of the reation is the slop of the graph. Catalysts lower the activation energy. The net energy is the energy from the reactants to the products.
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