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59 Cards in this Set
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Study Figure 13.9 the energy requirements for matter to change state |
Solid ice: temp rises Ice + water: temp remains the same From water to steam: temp rises Water + steam: temp remains the same Essentially when there are two states of matter (water+ice, water+steam) the temp remains constant. |
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What was the first clue that all matter is in constant motion? |
Brown looked at pollen under microscope, saw that it was moving. |
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What fundamental physical property does temperature represent? |
Kinetic energy |
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What does pressure represent according to the molecular model of matter? |
Collision of molecules in the container High pressure=more collisions, faster moving matter, hotter Low pressure=fewer collisions, slower, cooler |
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What did the Rutherford Gold foil experiment prove? |
Plum pudding model was wrong, atoms actually have a heavy nucleus and the rest is mostly empty space. |
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What model of the atom first explained why hydrogen emitted a discrete spectrum of light? |
Neils Bohr model It was built off of Planck’s wild but accurate assumption that light energy could only be emitted by a atom in a discrete unit called a “quantum” of energy. |
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What are the differences between the Rutherford and Bohr model of the atom? |
Rutherford: atom has a heavy nucleus, mass is mostly in nucleus, rest is empty Bohr: small, + nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbit. Like a solar system. Also, is quantized. |
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Why does hydrogen emit a discrete spectrum of light? |
Bohr model: (e-) has to be QUANTIZED. They are quantized by the angular momentum equation, remember Mass x speed x radius. Therefore, there is a space between EACH individual level. Look at diagram of bohr model atom. You will see electrons are only found on certain levels. They are not found in between. Therefore, discrete spectrum shows us the properties of an atom. |
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What kind of light spectrum would a heated a solid piece of metal produce? |
Continuous light spectrum “Hot objects glow at all wavelengths. The colors in the spectrum of a hot object depend only on the object's temperature.”
The sun is an example of a heated metal object that produces white light, therefore we can see all the colors in the spectrum. |
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Study Figures 17.7 and 17.8 and how they relate to the periodic table of the elements. |
Atomic volume is highest at the left side of the periodic table (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) (graph spikes at those elements, then goes down again, then spikes at next element) More ionization energy (energy needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom) is needed for elements on the right most side of periodic table (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) Less ionization energy is needed for those on the left side (H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs). |
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What are families of elements within the periodic table of the elements? |
Columns. React the same way in the same situation. |
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What distinguishes one atom from another atom? |
Different number of protons. Atomic # (upper left corner of the element) |
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Who came up with the first periodic table of the elements? |
Dimitri Mendeleev |
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Which of the following forms of energy is the least ordered? (Meaning it is hardest to do work with this form of energy.) See table 18.1 This is the only question from chapter 18 I made a mistake and added it on accident. |
Thermal energy is least ordered. Kinetic is the most ordered. Thermal (Heat OR MICROscopic KE) Chem potential Electrical potential Nuclear Kinetic (Gravitational Potential Energy AND Macroscopic KE) |
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Know what Atomic matter is and how to identify it from common materials. There will be 3 or 4 questions related to the different types of matter. |
Atomic matter: exists in solid, liquid and gas as single atoms. Noble gases exist as atomic Matter.. They dont need anyone! Very very low boiling and melting points. Weak. Held together via Van der Waals bond or forces. |
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Know what molecular matter is and how to identify it from common materials. There will be 3 or 4 questions related to the different types of matter. |
Molecular matter: exists in solid, liquid and gas as molecules. Molecules are structures of multiple atoms. Example is water (H2O)--whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas, it is the same molecule, just spaced out differently and has different levels of internal energy. Another example is dry ice. Dry ice in atm is C02. it can also be a liquid. This, of course, is carbon dioxide. Held together via covalent bonds. |
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Know what network matter is and how to identify them from common materials. There will be 3 or 4 questions related to the different types of matter. |
Network matter: Every atom/ion interacts strongly with neighbors, network of linked ions or atoms, distinct ion or molecule pairs don’t exist in network matter. NaCl is table salt. This is network matter. Bonded via ionic bonds. Have extremely high boiling and melting points. strong. Held together via metallic and ionic bonds. |
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Methane has 1 Carbon atom and 4 Hydrogen atoms. Ethane has 2 Carbon atoms and 6 Hydrogen atoms. Propane has 3 carbon atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms. Following this same pattern how many hydrogen atoms does Octane (8 carbon atoms) have? A similar question will be on the test, with an hydrocarbon having a different number of carbon atoms. |
2n + 2…. 2(8) + 2 == 18 so…. C8H18 |
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What usually happens to the energy and entropy when a reaction takes place? |
Energy decreases Entropy increases |
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What does a catalyst do for chemical reactions? |
Gets them started, speeds them up. REDUCES Activation energy. Remember ** he made the likeness to a business. Revenue (less expenses) = Net income |
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Why is a spark or heat required to light a propane gas stove? |
A spark or HEAT is a form of energy. Energy is needed to convert reactants to a product. Energy is typically needed to start a reaction |
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What are all the fundamental properties of metals? |
Malleable (flexible, will dent without shattering), ductile, conductive, high thermal and electrical conductors, shiny (luster, reflective) Opaque (can absorb all colors of light, in other words, you cannot see through them) Solid at room temperature High density High melting and boiling temperatures. |
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Why do metals have their fundamental properties? |
Metals have their characteristic properties because of their giant structure. In a metal crystal, the atoms are in a regular arrangement and strongly bonded together. Strong metallic bonding makes metals hard, but allows layers of atoms to slide so that the metal is malleable. |
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What properties do alloys have different than pure metals? |
Harder than pure metals Lower thermal and electrical conductivity than pure metals Lower melting temp More rigid Less conductive Weigh less. ** Think: steel. Steel is Fe (iron) and carbon… other derivatives of steel include chromium, nickel, etc. Gold rings are alloys. They are supplemented to make them stronger, because gold by itself is very soft. `18 karat gold is (18/24) so 75 % gold. The rest is made up of other trace metals to give it its strength. This trade off also makes the alloy less malleable than its “true” form. Last example would be the one in class. Lead-tin solder. It holds two pieces of piping together. |
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___________ volume is highest at the left side of the periodic table (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) (graph _________ at those elements, then goes ________ again, then spikes at next element) |
Atomic Spikes Down |
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More ___________ energy (energy needed to ___________ an electron from a neutral atom) is needed for elements on the right most side of periodic table (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) |
Ionization Remove |
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Less ionization energy is needed for those on the _____ side (H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs). |
Left |
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What type of matter are noble gases? |
Atomic |
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Does atomic matter have high or low melting/boiling point? |
Very low |
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Is atomic matter strong or weak? What holds it together? |
Weak Held together via Van der Waals bond or forces |
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What type of matter are water and dry ice? |
Molecular |
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Does molecular matter have high or low melting/boiling point? |
Low |
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What holds molecular matter together? |
Covalent bonds |
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What type of matter is NaCl? |
Network matter |
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Does network matter have high or low melting/boiling point? |
Extremely high |
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What holds network matter together? |
Ionic and metallic bonds |
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What experiment proved most the mass of the atomwas in the center? |
Gold foil experiment |
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If an atom has an electron in a high energylevel and falls to a lower energy level, what will happen? |
Releases energy |
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In an atom has an electron in a low energy leveland raises to a higher energy level, what will happen? |
Energy is absorbed |
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What model of the atom requires quantized levels? |
Bohr model |
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What model of the atom has continuous energylevels? |
Rutherford's model |
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Name 3 things wrong with the Bohr model |
Why electron doesn't fall into nucleus Only works for hydrogen Doesn't explain why things need to be quantized |
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What is the best model for atoms? |
Quantum mechanics |
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He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn all exist in natureas ____________ matter |
Atomic |
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What are the 3 types of matter? |
Atomic Molecular Network |
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What is a molecule? |
2 or more atoms combined to form individualstructure groups |
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What is a solution? |
Liquid mixture containing 2 or more compounds |
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What is a compound? (2 definitions) |
A mixture of molecules with a chemical reaction A group of identical molecules each of which iscomposed of at least two different kinds of atoms |
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Does a mixture result in a chemical reaction? |
No |
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Ionic bonds are involved with which types of atoms? |
Metals and non-metals |
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How do atoms of ionic bonds bond? |
Transfer of electrons (metal to non-metal) |
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Covalent bonds are involved with which types of atoms? |
Non-metals |
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How do atoms of covalent bonds bond? |
Share electrons |
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Metallic bonds are involved with which types of atoms? |
Metals |
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How do atoms of metallic bonds bond? |
Sea of electrons |
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What usually happens to the energy after a chemical reaction? |
Decreases |
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What happens to entropy of the universe after any chemical reaction? |
Increases |
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What does a catalyst do? |
Lowers activation energy and speeds up reactions |
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Net energy = |
Bigger number - smaller number on picture |
