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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mineral
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a naturally formed inorganic solid composed of an ordered array of atoms chemically bonded to form a particular crystalline structure
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ore
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a mineral deposit containing valuable metals that can be economically extracted from the ground to yield a profit
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crystallization
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the growth of a solid from a material whose constituent atoms can come together in the proper chemical proportions and geometric arrangments
Crystallization starts with the formation of tiny, microscopic crystals. As time goes on, more and more atoms bond to the tiny crystal, making it grow |
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magma
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molten rock in the earths interior
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chemical sediments
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formed by the precipitaions of minerals from water on the earths surface
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crystal form
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the outward expression of the orderly internal arrangements of atoms in a crystal
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polymorphs
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two or more minerals that contain the same elements in the same proportion but have dif. crystal structures
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Mohs scale of hardness
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A ranking of th hardness of minerals
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Cleavage
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the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness
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Fracture
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a break that does not occur along a plane of weakness
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Specific gravity
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the ratio b/t the weight of a substance and the wieght of an equal volume of water
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A mineral that is a silicate
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mica and quartz
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The 1st minerals to melt are those w/
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lower melting points
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Five mineral groups
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silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides and sulfates
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Hydrothermal minerals form from
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hot underground water in cracks of rocks
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Luster
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the way a mineral reflects light
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Birefringence
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is the splitting of light into 2 rays-do you see double
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Minerals crystallize from
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magma solutions and water solutions
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Lithification
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conversion of sediments to rock
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deposition
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sediments coming to a rest
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sedimentation
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horizontal layering of sediments
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erosion
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transporting of sediments by water, wind or ice
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2 types of chemical sediments
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carbonates and evaporites
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carbonates
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crystallization in a water solution as the water drips over rocks
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evaporites
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As the water evaporates away, the minerals crystallize
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hardness
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it is able to scratch things that are less hard
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color
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Chemical impurities in minerals give them their color
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Igneous rocks
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formed by the cooling and crystillization of magma
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Rocks formed from the accumulation of weathered material (sediments) carried by water wind or ice
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Metamorphic Rocks
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formed from pre-existing rocks that have been changed or transformed by high temp. high pressure, or both
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Partial melting
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the incomplete melting or rocks resulting in magmas of dif. compositions
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Extrusive Rocks
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Igneous rocks that form at the earth's surface
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Lava
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Magma, once it reached te earth's surface
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Volcano
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A central vent through which lava, gases, and ash erupt and flow
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Intrusive Rocks
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Igneous rocks that crystallize below the below the earths surface
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Pluton
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A very large intrusive body formed below the earth's surface
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Mechanical Weathering
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the breakdown of rocks on the earth's surface by physical means
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Chemical Weathering
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the breakdown of rocks on the earth's surface by chemical means
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Metamorphism
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the changing of one kind of rock into another kind as a result of high temp, high pressure, or both
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Recrystallization
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Occurs when rocks are subjected to high temps, and press. and go through s change in mineral assemblage
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Mechanical deformation
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Metamorphism caused by stress such as increased pressure
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Rock Cycle
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The rock cycle refers to how Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are created and destroyed by earth’s active geological processes
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Types of Metamorphism
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Recrystallization (high temp. & pres. )
Mechanical Deformation(pre-existing rock is subjected to physical stress) Contact Metamorphism (close proximity of a magma source) Regional Metamorphism(heat and physical stress alter pre-existing rock over a large region) |
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The most common outpouring of lava on the surface occurs as
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fissure eruptions
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Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from
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crystallization of minerals from a water solution
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Rocks fromed by cooling from a magma are
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igneous rocks
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Three types of magma
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basaltic, granitic, andestic
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Compositie Cone
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has explosive eruptions
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Intrusive Igneous Rocks
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Plutons
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Mechanical weathering
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physical breakdown of older rocks
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A clastic sedimentary rock w/ large rounded sediments is a
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conglomerate
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A clastic sedimentary rock w/ course angular sediments is a
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breccia
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Body Wave
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a siesmic wave that travels through the earths interior; faster than surface waves
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Surface Wave
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a seismic wave that travels along the earth's suface; slower than body waves
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Primary/P-Waves
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longitudinal waves that can travel through solids, liq. and gases; faster than S-waves
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Secondary/S-Waves
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tranverse waves that can not travel through liquids; slower than P-waves
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Core
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the central layer in the earth's interior, divided into an outer liquid and an inner solid core
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Mantle
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the mid layer in the earth's interior b/t the crust and the core
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Asthenosphere
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A subdivision of the upper mantle situated below the lithosphere, a zone of plastic, easily deformed rock
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Lithosphere
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the entire crust plus the upper portion of the manlte above the asthenosphere
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Crust
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the earth's outermost layer
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Pangea
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A single, large landmass that existed in the geological past and was composed of all the present day continents
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Love Wave
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transverse waves with a side to side motion
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Rayleigh Wave
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transverse waves w/ an up and down motion
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Seafloor spreading
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the moving apart of two oceanic plates at a rift in the seafloor
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Theory of Plate tectonics
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The idea that the earth's lithosphere is broken up into plates that move over the asthenosphere; boundaries b/t plates are where most earthquakes and volcanoes occur
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Rift
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a long narrow trough that forms as a result of divergence of two plates
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Fault
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A fracture along which visible displacement can be detected on one side relative to the other
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transform fault
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a blate boundary formed by the two plates that are sliding horizontally past each other
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The mantle is composed of
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iron-rich silicate rocks (they behave in a plastic manner so they can flow)
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Tensional forces cause the crust to
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break and fracture thereby shortening the crustal surface
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An earthquake occurs as
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energy released from the earth's interior as seismic waves travel to the earth's surface
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Convergent boundaries are areas of
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plate collision
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The outer core of the earth
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flows fast enough to power the earth's magnetic field
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At divergent plate boundaries
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the plates spread apart
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Mountains tend to form in long narrow ranges because
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mountains are a result of plate convergence-plates coming together
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The earth's lithosphere
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consists of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
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