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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Map
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A two dimensional representation of Earth
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Map
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The purpose of this is to show the distribution of one or more phenomena
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Topographic Map
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Shows the surface features of a location
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Title, Date, Legend, Scale
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These are the four requirements for a map
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Title
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A brief summary of the map's content or purpose
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Date
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Time span over which the information was collected
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Legend
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A key to the symbols used on a map
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Water
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This is represented by blue on a map
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Vegetation
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This is represented by green on a map
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Cultural Features
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This is represented by black on a map
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Elevation
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This is represented by brown on a map
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Red
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This color is used for emphasis on a map
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Purple
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This color is used for updates on a map
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Scale
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Gives the relationship between length measured on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground
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Scale
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Makes it possible to measure distance, determine area, and compare sizes
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Verbal Scale
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States in words the ratio of map scale lengths to the distance on Earth's surface
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Verbal Scale
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This is also known as the conversational scale
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Verbal Scale
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"One inch to one mile" is an example of this scale
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Graphic Scale
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Uses a line marked of in graduated distance
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Representative Fractional Scale
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Compares map distance with ground distance by proportional numbers expressed as a fraction or ratio
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Representative Fractional Scale
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1:63,360 is an example of this scale
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Large Scale Map
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Shows a small portion of Earth's surface, but a large amount of detail
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Large Scale Map
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Has a large representative fraction, which means the denominator is small
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Small Scale Map
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Shows a large portion of Earth's surface, but a small amount of detail
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Small Scale Map
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Has a small representative fraction, which means the denominator is large
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Township
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6 mile x 6 mile area
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6 miles x 6 miles
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A township is this in area
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36
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A township is equivalent to this many square miles
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36
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A township is divided into this many sections
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Upper Right Corner
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Section 1 of a township always starts here
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Bottom Right Corner
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Section 36 of a township is always here
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1 mile x 1 mile
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One section of a township is this in dimension
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1
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A section of a township is this many square miles
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640
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A section of a township is this many acres
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Mantle
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In terms of volume, the largest of the four regions of the Earth
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Lithosphere
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The upper-most layer of the mantle and the crust
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Diverge, Converge, Lateral
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These are the different movements that the plates of the lithosphere make
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Asthenosphere
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Zone where rocks are so hot they lose much of their strength and are easily deformed, like tar
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Asthenosphere
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The energy for plate movement, earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building comes from this zone
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Crust
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The outermost shell that consists of a broad mixture of rocks
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Oceanic Crust
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The more dense portion of the crust
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Oceanic Crust
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This part of the crust is darker in color
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Oceanic Crust
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This part of the crust is made up of basaltic rock
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Continental Crust
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This is the less dense portion of the crust
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Continental Crust
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This part of the crust is lighter in color
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Continental Crust
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This part of the crust is made up of granite rock
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Elements
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The basic building block to minerals
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Oxygen
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This is the most abundant element found in Earth's crust
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46.6%
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Oxygen makes up this much of Earth's crust
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Silicon
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This is the second most abundant element found in Earth's crust
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27.7%
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Silicon makes up this much of Earth's crust
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Minerals
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Naturally formed compounds and elements of the lithosphere
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Minerals
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Solid substances having a specific chemical composition and a unique crystal structure
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Silicates
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The largest and most important mineral group
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Silicates
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Mineral group that combines the two most abundant elements of oxygen and silicon
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Silicates
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Quartz is an example of this mineral group
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Oxides
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Mineral group that is an element combined with oxygen
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Oxides
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Iron rust is an example of this mineral group
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Carbonates
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Mineral group that is one or more elements in combination with carbon and oxygen
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Carbonates
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Calcite is an example of this mineral group
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Rock
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An aggregate of mineral particles
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Coarse-Grained Rocks
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The crystal mineral component in this type of rock can easily be seen with the naked eye
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Fine-Grained Rocks
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The crystal mineral component of this type of rock can only be distinguished under maginification
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Igneous Rocks
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Rocks formed by the cooling and crystallization of magma
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Igneous Intrusive Rocks
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Igneous rock that cools and solidifies below Earth's surface
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Igneous Intrusive Rocks
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Igneous rock that cools slowly below Earth's surface
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Igneous Intrusive Rocks
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Igneous rock that is coarse-grained with larger crystals which are visible
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Igneous Intrusive Rocks
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Igneous rock that is exposed at the surface by erosion
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Igneous Intrusive Rocks
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Granite is an example of this type of rock
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Organically Derived
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Rock formed by the accumulated remains of dead plants and animals
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Organically Derived
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Peat/coal is an example of this type of rock
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Organically Derived
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Limestone is an example of this type of rock
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Bedrock
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Solid rock that exists as a buried layer
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Outcrop
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Solid rock found at the surface
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Igneous Extrusive Rocks
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This rock is the product of magma (lava) cooling and solidifying above Earth's surface
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Igneous Extrusive Rocks
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This rock cools quickly in the open air
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Igneous Extrusive Rocks
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This rock is fine-grained with small crystal growth
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Igneous Extrusive Rocks
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This rock is often produced by volcanic eruptions
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Igneous Extrusive Rocks
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Basalt is an example of this type of rock
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Igneous Extrusive Rocks
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Rhyolite is an example of this type of rock
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Rhyolite
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Granite is the intrusive igneous counterpart to this extrusive igneous rock
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Rocks created from the accumulated sedimentary material that is transformed into rock by compaction and cementing
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Mechanically Derived/Clastic
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This type of sedimentary rock is made of fragments of preexisting rocks
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Mechanically Derived/Clastic
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Conglomerate is an example of this type of rock
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Mechanically Derived/Clastic
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Sandstone is an example of this type of rock
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Mechanically Derived/Clastic
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Shale is an example of this type of rock
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Conglomerate
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This mechanically derived rock is made up of rounded, pebble-sized sediments
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Sandstone
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This mechanically derived rock is made up of sand-sized particles
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Shale
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This mechanically derived rock is made up of fine sediments of gray and silt
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Mechanically Derived/Clastic
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This type of rock is formed by the precipitation of soluble materials
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Precipitate/Evaporite
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This is a solid taken out of solution
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Mechanically Derived/Clastic
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Limestone is an example of this type of rock
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Mechanically Derived/Clastic
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Silica Dioxide is an example of this type of rock
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Strata
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Sedimentary deposits that are built in distinct horizontal layers
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Bedding Plane
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Boundary between strata
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Metamorphic Rocks
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These rocks are drastically changed by heat and/or pressure
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Metamorphic Rocks
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These rocks are either igneous or sedimentary rocks
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Foliation/Bonding
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A wavy, layered appearance
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Metamorphic
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Gneiss is an example of this type of rock
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Granite
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This is the counterpart to gneiss
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Metamorphic
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Slate is an example of this type of rock
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Shale
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This is the counterpart to slate
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Metamorphic
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Quartzite is an example of this type of rock
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Sandstone
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This is the counterpart to quartzite
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Tectonic Processes
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Processes involved in breaking and deforming Earth's exterior, often changing the crust
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Gradation Processes
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Processes that act to reduce tectonic processes by wearing away high places and filling in low places by erosion and deposition
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Alfred Wegener
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Continental drift was proposed by this man
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200 million years
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Pangea was believed to have existed this long ago
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Plate Tectonics
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Modern name for continental drift
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Plate Tectonics
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Suggests that the lithosphere consists of different plates
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Diverging Plates
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With this plate movement, the boundary is represented by an oceanic ridge
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Diverging Plates
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This plate movement is "constructive' because new crust is being formed
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Diverging Plates
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This plate movement is associated with shollow-focus earthquakes, volcanic activity, and metamorphic rocks
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Divergence
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The mid-atlantic ridge is an area of this type of plate movement
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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This is a ridge located between North America and Europe
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Convergence
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The Red Sea is an area of this type of plate movement
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Converging Plates
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This type of plate movement is considered "destructive' because the crust is being removed
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Converging Plates
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This type of plate movement is responsible for the most massive and spectacular Earthly landforms: mountain ranges, volcanoes, deep ocean trenches
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Continental Oceanic Convergence
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The more dense oceanic crust is subducted beneath the less dense continental crust
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Continental Oceanic Convergence
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This plate movement is associated with subduction
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Continental Oceanic Convergence
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Parallel deep oceanic trenches develop off the coast of subduction zone
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Continental Oceanic Convergence
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The Chile-Peru Trench is an example of this
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Continental Oceanic Convergence
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The Andes Mountain Range in South America is an example of this
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Continental Oceanic Convergence
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The Cascades of Washington and Oregon are examples of this
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Margin
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Earthquakes take place along this part of the subduction zone
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Metamorphic rocks
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These rocks form along margin of the subduction zone
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Oceanic and Oceanic
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These converging plates form oceanic trenches
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Oceanic and Oceanic
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With this type of convergence, earthquakes are along plate margins
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Oceanic and Oceanic
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The Aleutian Islands of Alaska are an example of this type of convergence
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Oceanic and Oceanic
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The Islands of Japan are an example of this type of convergence
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Oceanic and Oceanic
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The Islands of Indonesia are an example of this type of convergence
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Oceanic and Oceanic
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The Islands of the Philippines are an example of this type of convergence
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Continental and Continental
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This type of convergence creates shallow Earthquakes
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Continental and Continental
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This type of convergence creates huge mountain ranges
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Continental and Continental
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The Himalayas are an example of this type of convergence
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Continental and Continental
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The Alps are an example of this type of convergence
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Lateral Plate Movement
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With this type of plate movement, crust is not being created or destroyed
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Lateral Plate Movement
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This type of plate movement is a mid-ocean ridge system
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Lateral Plate Movement
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The San Andreas Fault is an example of this type of plate movement
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Folding
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A wrinkling of Earth's crust caused by various pressures on Earth's crust
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Faulting
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A slippage or displacement of the crust that occurs when rocks are too rigid to bend into folds
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Fault Zone
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Faulting usually takes place here
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Normal Fault
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Results from tension stresses in the rust (tends to stretch and fracture the rocks)
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Normal Fault
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Produces a prominent fault scarp
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Fault Scarp
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Steep cliffs that represent the edge of a vertically displaced block (upthrown block)
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Fault Scarp
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The Sierra Nevada Mountains are an example of this
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Reverse Fault
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Produced from compression stresses (tends to shorten and thicken the crust)
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Reverse Fault
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With this fault, the upthrown block acts as hanging wall
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Strike-Slip Fault
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With this fault, the movement is horizontal
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Horst
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The uplifted block between two parallel faults
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Graben
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Downthrown block between two parallel faults, producing steep-sided fault scarps o either side
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Earthquake
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A vibration of the Earth produced by shockwaves resulting from sudden displacement along a fault
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Focus
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The point where the Earthquake originates
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Epicenter
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The location at the surface directly above the focus
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Epicenter
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This is where the strongest shockwave is felt and the most damage is done
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Seismograph
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Instrument used to record earthquakes
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Magnitude
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Describes the relative amount of energy released during an earthquake
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32
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The energy increased from one magnitude to the next is this many times
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Richter Scale
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This is the most commonly quotes magnitude (scale)
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Pacific Ring of Fire
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The majority of our earthquake activity occurs along here
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Alaska, California, and the New Madrid Fault
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This is where earthquake activity is most common in the United States
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Tsunami
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Great seismic waved which are generated by undersea earthquakes or landslides
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Volcanism
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All the phenomena connected with the movement of magma
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Volcanism
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Includes volcanoes and plutons
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Plate Boundaries
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Most of our volcanic activity is associated with these
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75; Pacific Ring of Fire
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__% of both active and inactive volcanoes are found around _________
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Explosive Eruption
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This eruption has cooler magma with higher silica content
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Explosive Eruption
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With this eruption, heavier minerals have crystalized
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Explosive Eruption
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With this eruption, considerable amount of gas has already separated
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Pyroclastic Materials
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Solid matter such as rock fragments, solidified lava blobs, and dust
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Explosive Eruption
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With this eruption, pyroclastic materials are hurled into the atmosphere
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Gentle Eruption
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With this eruption, magma has a low silica content and is basaltic
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Gentle Eruption
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This eruption is considerably hotter with most of the gasses dissolved in solution
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Gentle Eruption
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This eruption has a more fluid mixture
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Gentle Eruption
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This eruption yields a great outpouring of lava, quietly without explosions
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Composite Volcanoes
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These volcanoes are also known as stratovolcanoes
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Composite Volcanoes
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These volcanoes are symmetrical, steep-sided volcanoes
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Composite Volcanoes
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These volcanoes have steep sides made of layers of lava and pyroclastic materials
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Composite Volcanoes
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These volcanoes have explosive eruptions
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Composite Volcanoes
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These volcanoes occur along convergent plate boundaries
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Composite Volcanoes
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Mt. St. Helens is an example of this type of volcanoe
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Composite Volcanoes
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Mt. Fuji is an example of this type of volcanoe
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Composite Volcanoes
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Mt. Rainier is an example of this type of volcanoe
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Shield Volcanoes
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These are gentle-sloping volcanoes
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Shield Volcanoes
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These volcanoes are built up of layers of solidified lava flows
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Shield Volcanoes
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These volcanoes have fluid, quiet eruptions
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Shield Volcanoes
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These volcanoes occur along divergent plate boundaries
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Shield Volcanoes
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The Hawaiian Islands are an example of this type of volcano
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Shield Volcanoes
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Iceland is an example of this type of volcano
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Cinder Cones
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The smallest of the volcanic mountains
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Cinder Cones
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These volcanoes are generally less than 1,500 feet high
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Cinder Cones
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These volcanoes are found in association with other volcanoes
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Cinder Cones
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These are made of tephra
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Tephra
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Solid fragments ejected from a cinder cone
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Calderas
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Explosion so intense that the volcanic top blows off and the sides collapse inward, creating a crater
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Caldera
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Crater Lake, OK is an example of this
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Batholith
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Largest and most enormous intrusion of igneous rock
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Batholith
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These are often from the core of major mountain ranges
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Batholith
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The Sierra Nevada Mountains are an example of this
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Plutons
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Batholiths are this
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Plutons
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Sills are this
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Sills
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Form when magma forces its way horizontally between strata
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Dikes
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Vertical sheet of magma that forces its way into vertical fractures
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Walls
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Dikes form these
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Weathering
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Forces of weaether will act on a rock by breaking it apart in preparation for its removal in place
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Mass Wasting
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Down slope movement of materials by gravity alone
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Erosion
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The pickup and removal of Earth materials by running water, moving ice, wind, and waves
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Mechanical/Physical Weathering
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The physical disintegration of rock materials without any change in its chemical composition
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Jointing
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Allows for many weathering processes to take place
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Frost Wedging/Ice Crystal Growth
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Important in mid-latitude, high latitudes, and high elevations
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Talus Cone
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Cone-shaped feature, made of weathered rock, found at the base of a mountain
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Frost Wedging/Ice Crystal Growth
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When water freezes it expands, which exerts an outward force, breaking apart rock
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Soft Wedging
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Weathering common in dry lands
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Soft Wedging
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Salts crystalize out of solution as water evaporates
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Soft Wedging
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As salt crystals grow, they break apart rock
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Exfoliation - Unloading
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Curved layers peel off the bedrock
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Exfoliation - Unloading
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This weathering occurs mainly in granite
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Exfoliation - Unloading
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This weathering produces an exfoliation dome
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Biotic Activities
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The growing of plant roots into rocks and crevices, burrowing animals, etc. break apart rock
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Chemical Weathering
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The breakdown of rock by altering its minerals
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Chemical Weathering
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Requires moisture and works better in clim
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Chemical Weathering
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The most important ingredients of this weathering are oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide
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Oxidation
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When oxygen combines with various metallic elements forming a new product
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Oxidation
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New materials are usually softer and more easily eroded
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Solution
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Minerals are dissolved and then transported
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Solution
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Limestone works well
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Soil Creep
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Slowest downhill movement of soil
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Soil Creep
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Most widespread and effective form of mass wasting
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Soil Creep
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This mass wasting is going on at all times
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Soil Creep
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This mass wasting does not produce distinct landforms, but wears away the land
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Solifluction
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Downslope movement of soil that is saturated with water
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Solifluction
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This mass wasting occurs in high latitudes (tundra)
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Rapid Processes
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Visible and dramatic effect on the landscape
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Rapid Processes
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These processes all occur in California
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Slump
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With this rapid process, a mass of soil slips or collapses down slope with a backward rotation
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Earthflow
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This is a linear movement of moist, clay-rich soil
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Earthflow
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This rapid process almost moves in a tongue-shaped fashion
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Earthflow
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This rapid process can be a mile or so long
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Mudflow
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This rapid process is more fluid than an earthflow
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Mudflow
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This rapid process has higher water content mixed with rock debris
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Mudflow
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This rapid process follows valleys rather than flows down slope
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Mudflow
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This rapid process occurs when rains falls on low vegetated slopes
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Landslide
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Rapid, downslope movement of a mass of material that moves as a unit
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Landslide
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This rapid process carries with it all of the loose material above the bedrock
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Landslide
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This rapid process is often triggered by quakes
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Rockfall
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This is the drop of individual rocks or small mass of rocks falling over other loose debris
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