Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
A person's physical self-concept can determine the physical activity behaviors one participates in.
|
Welk & Eklund, 2005
|
Early determinants
|
|
In this study it was found that boys (8-12) scored higher than girls on their perceptions of physical conditioning, physical self worth, sports competence, strength, and self-esteem. Body attractiveness was the only domain they did not score higher on.
|
Welk & Eklund, 2005
|
Early determinants - boys better than girls physically
|
|
The better perceptions boys had of themselves in this study may be due to performing better in fitness activites and having less fat than females.
|
Welk & Eklund, 2005
|
Early determinants
|
|
It has been found that boys may feel they are expected to perform better in sports and other physical activity due to the male dominance in their physical education.
|
Lee, Fredenburg, Belcher, & Cleveland, 1999; Wright, 1997
Welk & Eklund, 2005 |
Early determinants - boys better than girls
|
|
The males (8-12) were found to be more active than the females.
|
Welk & Eklund, 2005
|
Early determinants - boys more active than girls
|
|
Past studies have found that female adolescents see themselves to be heavier than they actually are. To these girls, weight was seen to be a cause of dissatisfaction.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Early determinants - females body dissatisfaction
|
|
Descriptions of masculinity are seen to be being physical and having prowess. While femininity is concerned with attractiveness and thinness.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Gender Stereoptypes
|
|
It has been found that people who have high self-esteem also view their bodies in a more positive way.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
Even though some women have bodies at high physical conditioning, they are still not satisfied with their bodies.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Female body dissatisfaction
|
|
This study found an overall desire to be thin from their sample, where girls desiring to be thinner than males.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Early determinants - girls & thinness
|
|
It was found that girls may have an understanding as to the social ideals in regards to body shape even before puberty.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Early determinants - body ideal pressure
|
|
The females in this study (10-12) were more likely to participate in weight loss regiments than males.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Early determinants - females & weight loss
|
|
This study found a relationship between unfrequent physical activity, low self-esteem, and high body dissatisfaction.
|
Sands, Tricker, Sherman, Armatas, & Maschette, 1996
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
Participation in sports has been seen to contribute to a postive self-concept, which is important to human development.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
It has been found that boys have a slightly better physical self-concept than girls.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants - boys better self-concept
|
|
It was found that boys have better perceptions of appearance and physical ability than girls.
|
Marsh, 1989
Klomsten, Skaalvik, Espnes, 2004 |
Early determinants
|
|
Physical changes are usually seen around 2 years earlier for girls than boys via a growth spurt. Other noticeable physical differences are the increase in fat for girls and the slenderness of boys.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
Boys are seen to have an advantage in muscle strength and aerobic power after puberty.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
The gender differences of masculinity and femininity are sculpted by culture.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Culture
|
|
Social interactions could be determined by how one interprets what it is to be female or male.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Western societies hold certain gender stereotypes. Those who are feminine are seen to be "weak, helpless, graceful, nonathletic, emotional, and passive." Masculinity is seen as "strong, forceful, dominating, athletic, brave, and competitive." The stereotype also holds that women worry about their appearance more than men.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Parents have an important role in the influence of socializing their children to gender-roles.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Adolescent boys feel the need to be masculine and to portray in image of power.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Popularity, strength, and athletic skills are associated for boys in Western societies.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Having an athletic body is seen as leading to social acceptance for boys.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Adolescent girls have pressure to fit the ideal standard of attractiveness, which is extremely thin with perfect features.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
Amongst college students, females were seen to be less satisfied with their appearance than males.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
It is noted that the differences in body dissatisfaction between girls and boys occurs between 13 and 15 years of age. Body dissatisfaction tends to decrease for boys as they age, but increase for girls as they age.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
Girls just in grammar school had more negative body satisfaction than boys.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
In this study, boys were found to have significantly higher scores on a number of items (self-esteem, global physical scale, appearance, body fat, sports competence, physical activity, endurance, strength, coordination, and health) than girls.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
Popular culture's emphasis on appearance as a means to acceptance can explain adolescent's goal of attractiveness.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
Western societies teach that an ideal male is muscular, athletic, and tall. We learn women should be thin and shorter than the man.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
There may be more pressure put on girls than boys from popular culture.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Girls are seen to focus on sports that bring a presentation of attractiveness and beauty.
|
Klmosten, Skaalvik, & Espnes, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
A majority of college students report not participating in any vigorous to moderate exercise.
|
Buckworth & Nigg, 2004
|
No physical activity
|
|
It has been found that health behaviors during adulthood are put in place towards the end of adolescence thru the beginning of adulthood.
|
Buckworth & Nigg, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
Leisure time for college students consists of studying, reading, and using the computer.
|
Buckworth & Nigg, 2004
|
No physical activity
|
|
Research has found a significant difference for gender in physical activity for college students.
|
Buckworth & Nigg, 2004
|
Early determinants
|
|
In this study, it was seen that men tend to use the computer instead of exercise and women watch television instead.
|
Buckworth & Nigg, 2004
|
No physical activity
|
|
It was found that for women, as age increases the amount of exercise decreases. Men were shown to increase exercise more as age increased.
|
Buckworth & Nigg, 2004
|
Physical activity
|
|
Men may be using the computer instead of the television for leisure because the computer provides the same reinforcement women find in televsion.
|
Buckworth & Nigg, 2004
|
No physical activity
|
|
Starting from kindergarden until the last year in high school, children take part in fitness tests.
|
Keating, Silverman, & Kulinna, 2002
|
Early determinants
|
|
Both males and females were found to have the same beliefs about fitness tests.
|
Keating, Silverman, & Kulinna, 2002
|
Early determinants
|
|
Physical activity has benefits for psychological, physical, and mental health for women.
|
Juarbe, Lipson, & Turok, 2003
|
Physical activity
|
|
Women have been found to engage in less physical activity than men. Married women are even more less likely to participate in physical activity.
|
Juarbe, Lipson, & Turok, 2003
|
Physical acitivity
|
|
Women have stated several reasons for decreased physical activity, such as motherly roles, job committments, finances, and psychosocial factors.
|
Juarbe, Lipson, & Turok, 2003
|
No physical activity
|
|
It is thought that as education and socioeconomic status increase so does the amount of physical activity.
|
Juarbe, Lipson, & Turok, 2003
|
Physical activity
|
|
In this study's look at Mexican women, there were posititve attitudes towards physical activity but the majority did not participate in regular physical activity.
|
Juarbe, Lipson, & Turok, 2003
|
Physical activity
|
|
This study found women who are not hispanic to find being attractive to the opposite sex, being desired sexually, socialization, and sensual appearance as the benefits of being physically active.
|
Juarbe, Lipson, & Turok, 2003
|
Physical activity
|
|
Culture and time constrants have an impact on physical activity.
|
Juarbe, Lipson, & Turok, 2003
|
Physical activity
|
|
Ideals that are specific to gender are communicated by society, which is what people use to determine their own attractiveness.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
In America, the male ideal is to be muscular.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
When men have chosen a body that is ideal they usually choose a body that is more muscular than the body they had at the time.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
A study has revealed that images of undressed men are becoming more prevolent in women's magazines over time.
|
Pope et al., 2001
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005 |
Gender stereotypes
|
|
It has been found that women tend to pick a body they think is desirable to men that is much thinner than what men really find attractive.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Men also tend to want to be at a level of musculartiy that is more than what women find attractive.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Women's magazines have been seen to display a male ideal body image that is less muscular than what is found in men's magazines.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Women have rated finding a man with more muscles than the average man being ideal for a short-term sexual partner.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
This study found that the media misrepresent what is found to be attractive to the opposite sex and what actually attracts the opposite sex.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Females have a innate distribution of fat in the body in order for there to be fertility. Males also have this innate quality to participate in huting and combat.
|
Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Recently, it has been found there to be barely a difference between the genders with their concerns over physical appearance.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
The images of attractiveness are very different for men and women. Women need to be very thin and a small build while men have to be muscular with little body fat.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
There are many questions as to why our culture is so obsessed with women being thin.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
There have been sever personality traits (anxiousness, perfectionism, narcissism, focus ono appearance) associated with eating disorders.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
There may be an equivalent to the desire of thinness for women and a desire for muscularity for men.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
It has been found a relationship between the importance boys put on attractiveness and exercising for muscle development.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
In this study, it was assumed that the extreme pursuit of muscularity is associated with similar personality traits as eating disorders.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
This study found the desire to be muscular significantly and positively associated with neuroticism, perfectionism, appearance orientation, and fitness orientation.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
One study found that competitive male body builders have similar psychological characteristics to females with anorexia.
|
Davis & Scott-Robertson, 2000
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005 |
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
An image of a "hypermuscular" man is becoming the ideal sexually attractive man.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
The media help create unrealistic expectations for men and women concerning muscularity and thinnes, respectively.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Men who are more muscular have been found to be more masculine. Men who strive more to be muscular tend to behave in ways that are stereotypically masculine.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
A female's drive for thinness is tied to body mass index.
|
Davis, Karvinen, & McCreary, 2005
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
Body image is an important factor to self-esteem and identity.
|
Miller, Gleaves, Hirsch, Green, Snow, & Corbett, 1998
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
This study found gender differences on weight concern and global body image.
|
Miller, Gleaves, Hirsch, Green, Snow, & Corbett, 1998
|
body dissatisfaction
|
|
Women had high correlations between body image and self-deceptive enhancement.
|
Miller, Gleaves, Hirsch, Green, Snow, & Corbett, 1998
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
There is a desire to find a link between psychological and physical health.
|
Nosicki, Adame, Johnson, & Cole, 1997
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
When someone has expectancies that are internally controlled, rather than externally, they will participate in more physical activities that will improve their physical health.
|
Nosicki, Adame, Johnson, & Cole, 1997
|
Physical activity
|
|
Men have a relationship with internal control and better overall fitness.
|
Nosicki, Adame, Johnson, & Cole, 1997
|
Physical activity
|
|
The more physical fitness is valued, the more likely one will participate in behaviors to improve their physical fitness.
|
Nosicki, Adame, Johnson, & Cole, 1997
|
Physical activity
|
|
Men and women were found in this study to have better physical fitness if they had a high value for physical health.
|
Nosicki, Adame, Johnson, & Cole, 1997
|
Phyiscal activity
|
|
In this study it was found that men would perform tests of physical fitness differently if there were women observing or participating.
|
Nosicki, Adame, Johnson, & Cole, 1997
|
Physical activity
|
|
Physical education (PE) is seen as a way to display gender.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determinants
|
|
In England, children start PE at age 5 and continue until 16.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determinant
|
|
PE is segregated by gender in England, which grants the development of masculinity and femininity.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determinant
|
|
It has been said that gender is a performance where conciously and unconciously everyone portrays what they think it means to be male or female.
|
Butler, 1990, 1993
Paechter, 2003 |
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Masculinity is closely associated with PE due to the emphasis on the body. Feminity is seen as something to be in opposition to PE.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determninants
|
|
PE is where maculine and feminine traits can be acted out and the behaviors controlled by peers.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determinants
|
|
Boys expect girls to not have interest in athletics and use knowledge of athletics and discussion as something purely masculine.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Gender stereotype
|
|
The exclusion of girls from sports leads to pressure on them to stay away from sports that can last into adulthood.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Gender stereotype
|
|
To be feminine is often to resist sports and PE. Only certain athletic activities are seen as feminine.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determinants
|
|
Many girls find there is a contradiction between feminity and physical fitness.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Gender stereotype
|
|
When the genders are segregated for PE, there are differences in the education the two receive. PE for females consists of dance and gymnastics while boys focus on competition. Competition is seen as being manly.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determinants
|
|
Female PE focuses on outward appearance, which sets a goal of being attractive for others and not considering their own fitness.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Early determinants
|
|
It is well noted that it is the woman's body that tends to be on display, not a man's.
|
Paechter, 2003
|
Gender stereotype
|
|
Body image is one's internal perception of physical appearance.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
There may be differences between men and women in body satisfaction because the male ideal is more similar to the natural body of the average man whereas the ideal female is much thinner than the nautral body of the average woman.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
Women who have bad body image also tend to feel frustration, depression, helplessness, and shame.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
In this study, women were found to have a higher percent body fat and body mass index than men.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Body dissatisfaction
|
|
Men reported being more satisfied with their bodies than women.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
How one performs in a physical task depends on self-concept, mood, perceived physical ability, and personality.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
It was found that in women there is a relationship between muscular strength and self-esteem.
|
Balogun, 1986
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000 |
Physical activity
|
|
Men had correlations between fitness and ambition and prudence. Women had correlations between fitness and anger, confusion, and vigor.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
Mood variables seem to be more of a predictor of physical self-concept and interes in physical activity than motivational variables.
|
Reboussin, Rejeski, Martin, Callaha, Dunn, King, & Sallis, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
The differences between the genders in physiological characteristics, occupational performace, body composition, and athletic performance are due to differences in opportunities and encouragement to participat in physical activity at a young age.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Early determinants
|
|
The gap between men and women in athletic competition is shrinking.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
Women have a disadvantage when participating in physical activity due to a greater amount of fat than men.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
Women tend to be shorter than men, which can have a negative effect of physical abilities.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Women cannot perform as well as men in several tasks due to them having less leverage, weaker musculature, and a lower centre of gravity.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Women have approximately 20% less aerobic power than men.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Society and culture gave women less leisure physical activities to participate in at a young age that they tend to be more sedentary than men.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Physically, boys and girls are very similar until puberty.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Early determinants
|
|
At puberty females have a great increase in body fat and males gain more muscle.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Early determinants
|
|
The female body is better suited to prolonged physical activity.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
Culture imposes some of the fat a female should maintain; the amount of fat in the average woman has been decreasing as more physical activity is being rewarded.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Woman have a higher minimum amount of essential fat than men to be considered to be in good health.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Women have the constant emphasis by society on physical appearance. This has caused female atheletes who are being judged on appearance to have a suboptimal body mass.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Physical differences and what physical activities culture has told women to participate in is the cause of gender differences in physiological responses to exercise.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Women have about 60% the muscle strength of men.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Women tend to have a lower initial fitness level than their comprable men.
|
Shephard, 2000
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
Women have been shown to exercise for attractiveness and weight control more than men.
|
Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
This study found that the men exercised more in the past month than the women.
|
Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
Women were found to score lower on self-seteem and body satisfaction than men.
|
Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
It was found that young women have a negative relationship between body satisfaction and the amount of exercise. A negative relationship was also found between self-esteem and the amount of exercise.
|
Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000
|
Body satisfaction
|
|
Women exercise to reach the ideal body weight, but regular exercise does not help much in bringing her to her goal and can lead to great disappointment.
|
Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000
|
Physical activity
|
|
The pursuit of weight control using exercise by women is seen as self-objectification. The women who participate in self-objectification would be expected to have poorer mental health and more body shame.
|
Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000
|
Gender stereotypes
|
|
Women have a lower average body mass and, therefore, spend less energy on physical activities.
|
Tremblay, Shephard, McKenzie, & Gledhill, 2001
|
Female drawbacks
|
|
It takes longer for a woman to reduce fat than a man.
|
Tremblay, Shephard, McKenzie, & Gledhill, 2001
|
Female drawbacks
|