Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a health assessment?
|
Health state
Actual or risk health problems Diagnose level of wellness |
|
|
Health assessment involves?
|
Objective & subjective data
Patient records Laboratory studies |
|
|
What is subjective data?
|
What the patient says about themselves during the history taking
|
|
|
What is objective data?
|
What the health professional observes by inspecting, percussing,
palpating, auscultating during the physical examination |
|
|
What are the 4 major components of diagnostic reasoning?
|
1. Attending to initially available cues
2. Formulating diagnostic hypotheses 3. Gathering data relative to the tentative 4. Evaluating each hypothesis with the new data collected to arrive at final diagnosis |
|
|
What is a cue?
|
1. Piece of information
2. A sign or symptom 3. A piece of laboratory data |
|
|
What is a hypothesis in relation to diagnosis?
|
Tentative explanation for a cue or set of cues that can be used as a basis for further investigation.
|
|
|
Prerequisites for diagnostic hypothesis?
|
1. Complete history
2. Physical examination 3. Validate data by repeating 4. Eliminate extraneous variables |
|
|
Treatment process:
|
1. Assessment
2. Diagnosis 3. Outcome Identification 4. Planning 5. Implementation 6. Evaluation |
|
|
What is an assessment?
|
1. Collection of data
2. Review of clinical record 3. Interview 4. Health history 5. Physical Examination 6. Functional assessment |
|
|
What is a diagnosis?
|
1. Interpretation of Data
2. Identify clusters of cues 3. Validate inferences 4. Compare clusters of cues 5. Identify related factors 6. Document the diagnosis |
|
|
Outcome Identification?
|
Expected outcomes individualized for the person, including time frame.
|
|
|
Planning?
|
1. Establish priorities
2. Develop outcomes 3. Time frame for outcomes 4. Identify intervention 5. Document plan of car |
|
|
Implementation?
|
1. Planned interventions
2. Schedule/coordinate total health care 3. Collaborate with team members 4. Supervise implementation & delegate 5. Counsel person and significant others 6. Involve person in health care 7. Refer 8. Document |
|
|
Evaluation?
|
1. Compare actual outcome with expected outcome
2. Identify reason for failure 3. Take corrective action to modify plan 4. Document evaluation |
|
|
Critical thinking?
|
Assessment & modification before acting
|
|
|
Purpose of critical thinking in health practice?
|
1. Required for dianostic reasoning and clinical judgement
2. To analyze data 3. Decision making |
|
|
Critical thinking?
|
1. Multidimensional thinking process
2. Application of skill in a rapid, dynamic and interactive way. |
|
|
17 critical think skills by Alfaro Lefevre
|
1. Identify assumptions
2. Identify an organized & comprehensive approach to assessment 3. Validate/check data 4. Distinguish normal from abnormal S & S 5. Draw valid conclusions 6. Cluster related cues 7. Distinguish relevant from irrelevant 8. Recognize inconsistencies 9. Identify patters 10. Identify mission information 11. Promote health by identifying risk factors 12. Actual & potential risks 13. Set priorities 14. Patient centered outcomes 15. Specific Interventions 16. Evaluate & correct thinking 17. Comprehensive plan |
|
|
Setting priorities?
|
1. Reduce acute symptoms
2. Set longer term goals 3. Provide long term relief & positive outcome |
|
|
4 nursing diagnostic frameworks?
|
1. Orem’s = Self care
2. Roy’s model = Adaptation 3. Leininger’s = cultural diversity 4. Gordon’s = functional health patterns |
|
|
3 types of nursing diagnoses?
|
1. Actual diagnosis
2. Risk Diagnosis 3. Wellness diagnosis |
|
|
What is wellness?
|
1. Dynamic process
2. Moving toward optimal functioning 3. Optimal health is a high level of wellness |
|
|
Holistic Health?
|
1. Mind, Body & spirit as an interdependent and functioning whole within the environment
2. Disease is multifaceted – from both within & external environment |
|
|
Health Promotion?
|
Positive acts /choices for healthier lifestyle
|
|
|
Disease prevention?
|
Counselling to change unhealthy behaviours
|
|
|
Assessment factors in holistic model of health?
|
1. Culture
2. Values 3. Family 4. Social roles 5. Self care behaviours 6. Job related stress 7. Developmental tasks 8. Failures & frustrations of life |
|
|
4 Types of health data?
|
1. Complete data
2. Episodic problem centered data 3. Follow up 4. Emergency |
|
|
Complete data?
|
1. Primary care in a healthy state as a foundation for change
2. Hospital admission |
|
|
Episodic/problem data?
|
1. Short term problems
2. One problem |
|
|
Follow up data?
|
1. Regular/appropriate intervals
2. When change – worse/better 3. Short term or chronic |
|
|
Emergency?
|
1. Rapid collection
2. Concurrent with lifesaving measures |
|
|
Frequency of assessment
|
1. Varies with illness and wellness needs
2. Most seek care due to pain or abnormal S & S 3. Well people – Annual check up now being questioned 4. Assessment times should be individualised |
|
|
IPV?
|
1. Intimate partner violence
2. Health effects of violence 3. Screening techniques for IPV |
|
|
Examining & interviewing procedures?
|
1. Ask clients permission
2. Explain what you are about to do 3. Respect privacy – stays between you and the client 4. Do not alarm the person |
|
|
CDC domestic violence criteria?
|
1. 2 types – physical &/or sexual
2. Use of force 3. Threat of violence 4. Psychological/emotional abuse 5. Coercive tactics with prior physical/sexual violence |
|
|
Mandatory reporting requirements for domestic violence?
|
1. Suspected child abuse or neglect under 16 – report to DoCS
2. 16-18 – report to DoCS & Department of education & training 3. No need to get permission from care giver 4. Can seek feedback from DoCS about their report |
|
|
Health effects of violence on women & elderly?
|
1. Injury
2. Neurologic 3. GIT 4. Gynecologic 5. Chronic pain 6. Depression 7. Suicidality 8. PTSD Substance abuse 9. Chronic pelvic pain 10. Uninteded pregnancy 11. STDS 12. HIV 13. Urinary tract infections 14. Changes in circulatory homeostasis 15. Blood pressure changes 16. Localized infections – sepsis 17. Stress from assault leads to cardiac complications 18. Vaginal damage 19. Dehydration 20. Malnutrition |
|
|
Avulsion?
|
Laceration
|
|
|
Contusion?
|
Bruise
|
|
|
Laceration?
|
Splitting of tissue from blunt force impact
|
|
|
Petechiae?
|
Type of brusing
|
|
|
Puncture?
|
Stab with penetrating object
|
|
|
Mental status?
|
1. Emotional cognitive functioning
2. Social & Occupational functioning 3. Stress/traumatic life event tips the balance – transient dysfunction |
|
|
Mood?
|
1. Prevailing feeling
2. Prolonged display of feelings that color the whole emotional life |
|
|
Affect?
|
Temporary expression of feelings or state of mind
|
|
|
Orientation?
|
Awareness of the objective world in relation to the self
|
|
|
Attention?
|
1. Power of concentration
2. Ability to focus on one specific thing without being distracted by many environmental stimuli |
|
|
Thought process?
|
1. The way a person thinks
2. Logical train of thought |
|
|
Thought content?
|
What you think – specific ideas, beliefs, use of words
|
|
|
Components of mental status examination? (ABCT)
|
1. Appearance
2. Behaviour 3. Cognition 4. Thought process |
|
|
Objective data for mental status?
|
1. Posture
2. Body movements 3. Speech 4. Mood & affect 5. Perceptions 6. Orientation 7. Aetiology |
|
|
Powerlessness Aetiology?
|
1. Immobility
2. Lack of self care 3. Low self esteem 4. Communication barriers 5. Loss of financial independence |
|
|
Powerlessness Symptoms?
|
1. Anger
2. Violent behavior 3. Anxiety 4. Resentment 5. Guilt 6. Apathy 7. Devalue own feelings/opinions |
|
|
Disturbed thought process Aetiology?
|
1. Psychological conflict
2. Social isolation 3. Side effects of sedatives/narcotics 4. Sleep deprivation 5. Sensory overload/deprivation 6. Stress 7. Loss of memory |
|
|
Disturbed thought process Symptoms?
|
1. Agitation
2. Depressed 3. Altered sleep patterns 4. Inappropriate social behaviour 5. Cognitive dissonance 6. Confabulation 7. Time/ place, person disorientation 8. Distractibility 9. Egocentricity 10. Fabrication 11. Memory deficits 12. Obsessions |
|
|
Echolalia?
|
1. Imitation
2. Repeats other’s words or phrases 3. Often with a mumbling, mocking or mechanical tone |
|
|
Hallucinations in abnormal thought process?
|
1. Perceptions – Sensory with no external stimuli
2. Any sense – visual auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory |
|
|
Schizophrenia characteristics?
|
1. Delusions – controlled by a dead person
2. Hallucinations – auditory common 3. Disorganized speech 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour 5. Inability to speak |
|
|
Major depressive episode?
|
1. Depressed mood
2. Diminished interest or pleasure 3. Weight losss/gain 4. Insomnia/hypersomnia 5. Psychomotor agitation 6. Fatigue 7. Feelings of worthlessness 8. Diminished ability to think 9. Thoughts of death |
|
|
Nutritional status?
|
Degree of balance between nutrient intake & nutrient requirements
|
|
|
Optimal nutritional status?
|
Sufficient nutrients consumed to support needs
|
|
|
Under nutrition?
|
1. Depleted reserves
2. Intake inadequate for needs |
|
|
Over nutrition?
|
Excess consumption for body needs of; calories, sodium, fat
|
|
|
3 purposes of nutrition assessment?
|
1. Identify malnourished/at risk
2. Provide data for nutrition plan to prevent/minimize malnutrition 3. Establish baseline for evaluation of efficacy of nutritional care |
|
|
24 hr recall for nutritional assessment?
|
Recall what has been eaten within last 24hrs
|
|
|
Food frequency questionaire?
|
How many times per day/week/months you eat particular foods
|
|
|
Food diary?
|
List of consumed for a period of time.
|
|
|
Direct observation?
|
Process of feeding and eating
|
|
|
Why do we need to know medications in nutritional assessment?
|
1. Interaction with nutrients
2. Impairing digestion/ absorption/ metabolism |
|
|
Body Mass Index?
|
1. Marker for optimal weight for height
2. Weight x Height squared (Weight x Height x height) |
|
|
Waist to hip ratio?
|
Body fat distribution & health risk type (Android/gynoid)
|
|
|
MAMC?
|
Mid upper arm muscle circumference in cm= Skeletal muscle reserve or lean body mass
|
|
|
MAMA?
|
Mid arm muscle area in cm = Lean body mass & skeletal protein in reserve
|
|
|
Lab tests for nutritional assessment?
|
1. Hemoglobin – iron deficiency anemia
2. Hematocrit – Cell volumn – iron status 3. Cholesterol – fat metabolism – cardiovascular risk 4. Triglycerides – Hperlipidemia – cardiovascular risk 5. Lymphocyte count – Immune function (TLC) 6. Skin testing – Immunity 7. Serum proteins – Albumin – visceral protein status (altered hydration/decreased liver function 8. Serum transferring – Iron transport protein 9. Prealbumin – Thyroxine binding – transport protein for thyroxine 10. T4 & retinaol binding protein (renal disease) 11. Nitrogen balance – Protein nutritional status (stress respons) 12. Creatinine height index – Skeletal muscle mass |
|
|
Inspection?
|
1. Concentrated watching
2. Close, careful scrutiny of whole person and each body system |
|
|
Purpose of inspection?
|
Yields subjective data for health assessment & diagnosis
|
|
|
Requirements for inspection?
|
1. Good lighting
2. Adequate exposure 3. Instruments 4. Palpation 5. Percussion 6. Auscultation |
|
|
Palpation?
|
Touch to assess texture, temperature, moisture, organ location, size, swelling, pulsation, rigidity, lumps, pain
|
|
|
Purpose of palpation?
|
Detects lumps, organs temperature, pulsation
|
|
|
Percussion?
|
Tapping person’s skin – short, sharp strokes – to assess underlying structures
|
|
|
Purpose of percussion?
|
Reveals sound depicting location, size & density of underlying organ
|
|
|
Amplitude in relation to percussion?
|
Intensity – loud or soft sound
|
|
|
Pitch in relation to percussion?
|
1. Vibrations per second
2. Rapid vibration produces higher pitch 3. Slow vibration – low pitch |
|
|
Quality in percussion?
|
Subjective difference in sound’s overtones
|
|
|
Duration in percussion?
|
Length of time the note lingers
|
|
|
Hollow structures produce what type of sound?
|
Louder, deeper, longer
|
|
|
Solid structures produce what type of sound?
|
Softer, higher, shorter sound.
|
|
|
Auscultation?
|
1. Listening to sounds produced by the body with a stethoscope
2. Heart, blood vessels, lungs, abdomen |
|
|
Tool required for auscultation?
|
Stethoscope
|
|
|
When do you use the diaphragm of the stethoscope?
|
do you use the diaphragm of the stethoscope?
1. Often 2. Flat edge is best for high pitched sounds – breath, bowel, normal heart sounds |
|
|
When do you use the bell of the stethoscope?
|
Extra heart sounds or murmurs – soft, low pitched sounds
|
|
|
Factors that may interfere with accurate auscultation?
|
1. Extra room noise
2. Cold room 3. Cold stethoscope 4. Males hairy chest 5. Cloths 6. Own breathing |
|
|
Stages of nociception?
|
1. Transduction
2. Transmission 3. Perception of Pain 4. Modulation |
|
|
Transduction?
|
1. Peripheral - Noxious stimulus, traumatic, chemical injury, burn, incision, tumor
2. Injured tissue releases chemicals – substance P, histamine, prostaglandin, serotonin, bradykinin – neurotransmitters deliver pain message to spinal cord |
|
|
Transmission?
|
Pain impulse moves from spinal cord to brain, to thalamus & dispersed to higher cortical areas.
|
|
|
Perception of pain?
|
1. Conscious awareness of painful sensation
2. Creates an emotional response – identified as pain |
|
|
Modulation?
|
1. 3rd set of neurotransmitters
2. Slow down or impede the pain impulse 3. Produce an analgesic effect – serotonin, nor epinephrine, neurotensin, GABA, endogenous opioids |
|
|
Neuropathic pain?
|
Abnormal processing of pain message after injury heals
|
|
|
Visceral pain?
|
1. From larger interior organs – kidney, stomach, intestine, gallbladder, pancreas
2. From direct injury to organ, stretching organ (tumor, ischemia, distention, contraction |
|
|
Deep somatic pain?
|
1. From blood vessels, join, tendons, muscles, bone
2. From pressure, trauma, ischemia |
|
|
Cutaneous pain?
|
1. From skin surface & subcutaneous tissues
2. Superficial with sharp burning sensation |
|
|
Referred pain?
|
Felt at a particular site, but originates from another location
|
|
|
Acute pain?
|
1. Short term, self limiting
2. Follows predictable trajectory 3. Dissipates after an injury heals |
|
|
Chronic pain?
|
1. 6 months or longer
2. 5-10 years & beyond |
|
|
Infant pain?
|
1. Same as adults
2. Fetus feels pain – doesn’t have developed inhibitory neurotransmitters until birth @ full term. 3. Pre term infant is more sensitive to painful stimuli |
|
|
Ageing adult pain?
|
1. Same as adults
2. Pain is not a normal process of ageing 3. Common pain from arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, peripheral neuropathies, angina, chronic constipation. |
|
|
Gender & culture on pain perception?
|
1. Societal – Men are more stoic
2. Hormone changes influence pain in women 3. Women more sensitive to pain @ premenstrual 4. Pain gene – feel more/less pain with same stimulus 5. Nurses are more stoic 6. Jewish & Spanish suffer more pain than anglo & germans 7. Asians suffer the least 8. Black & Hispanics need less analgesics than whites |
|
|
Neuropathic pain?
|
1. Burning
2. Shooting 3. Tingling |
|
|
Viceral Pain?
|
1. Aching
2. Cramping |
|
|
Somatic pain
|
1. Throbbing
2. Aching |
|
|
2 Types of pain rating scales?
|
1. Initial pain assessment
2. Brief pain inventory |
|
|
Problems with chronic pain behaviours?
|
1. Cannot function
2. Guarding 3. Person adapts – risk of un detection |
|
|
Normal integumentary (skin) in infants & children
|
1. @ birth – vernix caseosa – thick cheesy substance
2. Newborn skin is thin, smooth, elastic, permeable – greater risk of fluid loss 3. Cradle cap in some babies 4. Temperature regulation is ineffective – cannot protect against cold – cannot contract & shiver 5. Pigment system is inefficient at birth |
|
|
Normal integument in pregnant females?
|
1. Increased pigment in nipples, vulva, midline of abdomen, face
2. Vascular spiders & palmar erythema 3. Striae gravidarum in abdomen, breasts, thighs 4. Increased sebaceous gland secretion 5. Fat deposits in buttocks hips in reserve for nursing baby |
|
|
Normal integument in aging adults?
|
1. Slow atrophy of skin structures
2. Loss of elasticity – folds, sags 3. 80s thin, lax, dry, wrinkled 4. Stratm corneum thins and flattens 5. Chemicals access into the bdy easier 6. Loss of elastin, collagen subcutaneous fat 7. Reduced muscle tone 8. Increased risk of shearing tearing injuries 9. Sweat glands and sebaceious glands decrease – risk of heat strok 10. Increased minor trauma – dark red discoloured areas (senile purpura) |
|
|
Subjective data for the integumentary system?
|
1. Previous history
2. Familial predisposition 3. Tattoos increased risk of hep C 4. Change in pigmentation – pallor, jaundic, cyanosis = systemic illness 5. Change in mole 6. Excessive dryness or moisture 7. Excess bruising – illogical explanation – consider abuse. a. Frequent falls may be due to: b. Dizziness, neurologic, cardiovascular, alcoholism, drug abuse. 8. Rash or lesion – others with the same? 9. Allergic to medications 10. Hair loss – Alopecia/hirsuitism 11. Change in nails 12. Occupational hazards 13. Self care behaviours |
|
|
Parotid glands are where?
|
1. In the cheeks
2. Over the mandible 3. Anterior to and below the ear |
|
|
Sub-mandibular glands are?
|
Beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw
|
|
|
Sublingual glands?
|
Floor of the mouth
|
|
|
Normal integument in aging adults?
|
1. Slow atrophy of skin structures
2. Loss of elasticity – folds, sags 3. 80s thin, lax, dry, wrinkled 4. Stratm corneum thins and flattens 5. Chemicals access into the bdy easier 6. Loss of elastin, collagen subcutaneous fat 7. Reduced muscle tone 8. Increased risk of shearing tearing injuries 9. Sweat glands and sebaceious glands decrease – risk of heat strok 10. Increased minor trauma – dark red discoloured areas (senile purpura) |
|
|
Subjective data for the integumentary system?
|
1. Previous history
2. Familial predisposition 3. Tattoos increased risk of hep C 4. Change in pigmentation – pallor, jaundic, cyanosis = systemic illness 5. Change in mole 6. Excessive dryness or moisture 7. Excess bruising – illogical explanation – consider abuse. a. Frequent falls may be due to: b. Dizziness, neurologic, cardiovascular, alcoholism, drug abuse. 8. Rash or lesion – others with the same? 9. Allergic to medications 10. Hair loss – Alopecia/hirsuitism 11. Change in nails 12. Occupational hazards 13. Self care behaviours |
|
|
Parotid glands are where?
|
1. In the cheeks
2. Over the mandible 3. Anterior to and below the ear |
|
|
Sub-mandibular glands are?
|
Beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw
|
|
|
Sublingual glands?
|
Floor of the mouth
|
|
|
Temporal artery is where?
|
Superior to the temporalis muscle, anterior to the ear
|
|
|
Thymus glands are?
|
Endocrine gland, straddles trachea, hormones for cellular metabolism
|
|
|
Lymphatic glands of the neck?
|
1. Vessel system
2. Midline behind tip of mandible 3. Sub-mandibular, halfway between angle and tipp of the madible. 4. Jugulodigastric, under the angle of mandible 5. Superficial cervical, overlying sternomastoid muscle 6. Deep cervical under sternomastoid muscle 7. Posterior cervical, posterior triangle along edge of trapezius muscle 8. Supraclavicular above and behind clavicle at the sternomastoid muscle |
|
|
Subjective data for head and neck?
|
1. Headache – Hypertension, fever, hypothyroidism, vasculitits, OCP, alcohol
2. Head injury – dizzy, lightheaded, blackout, seizure, loss of consciousness, heart trouble, diabeties, epilepsy, neurologic deficit 3. Dizziness – Low blood pressure, vertigo (rotational spinning) 4. Neck pain – Injury, work position, meningeal inflammation 5. Lumps or swelling - benign, infection, salivary/thyroid tumor, dysphagia. 6. History of head/neck surgery? |
|
|
Medial canthus?
|
Corner of the eye, angle where the lids meet
|
|
|
Palpebral conjunctiva?
|
1. Thin mucous membrane
2. Lines the lids 3. Clear with many small blood vessels 4. Forms a deep recess & folds back over the eye |
|
|
Bulbar conjuctiva
|
Overlays the eyeball, white sclera shows through
|
|
|
Direct light reflex?
|
Eye is exposed to bright light the pupil constricts
|
|
|
Consensual light relflex?
|
Simultaneous constriction of the other pupil
|
|
|
Fixation?
|
Reflex direction of eye toward an object attracting attention
Accommodation? |
|
|
Accommodation?
|
1. Adaptation of eye for near vision
2. Increasing the curvature of lens thru movement of ciliary muscles |
|
|
Floaters?
|
Common in myopia or middle age – condensed vitreous fibers
|
|
|
Acute onset of floaters?
|
Retinal detachment
|
|
|
Halos?
|
Acute narrow angle glaucoma
|
|
|
Scotom (blind spots)
|
Glaucoma with optic nerve and visual pathway disorders
|
|
|
Sudden onset of painful floaters, blind spots, loss of peripheral vision =
|
Possible emergency
|
|
|
Photophobia?
|
Inability to tolerate light
|
|
|
Strabismus diplopia?
|
Deviation in anterioposterior axis of eye
|
|
|
Watering dischange?
|
Abnormal – irritants or obstruction
|
|
|
Pureulent dischange + crusts at night?
|
Hygiene/cross contamination
|
|
|
Absent lateral 3rd of brow?
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
|
Unequal /absent movment?
|
Nerve damage
|
|
|
Scaling of brow?
|
Seborrhoea
|
|
|
Eye lid lag?
|
Hyperthyroidism – risk of corneal damage
|
|
|
Ear?
|
Side of head – characteristic shape to funnel sound waves into its opening – external auditory canal
|
|
|
Internal ear canal?
|
1. Cul de sac 2.5 – 3cm long
2. Terminates at the eardrum 3. Lined with glands that secrete cerumen – yellow waxy material that lubricates |
|
|
Tympanic membrane?
|
1. Eardrum separates external and middle ear
2. Tilted obliquely at the ear canal facing downward and forward 3. Translucent pearly gray 4. Oval & slightly concaved 5. Pulled in at the center by one of the middle ear ossicles, the malleus |
|
|
Eustachian tube?
|
1. Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air
2. Tube normally closed and opens with swallowing and yawning |
|
|
Otitis media?
|
1. Middle ear infection
2. Obstruction of the Eustachian tube of secretions into the middle ear |
|
|
Ear discharge?
|
Infections
|
|
|
Presbycusis?
|
Gradual onset of hearing loss over years
|
|
|
Old trauma to hearing?
|
Can go unnoticed and results in decibel loss in later years.
|
|
|
Tinnitus?
|
1. Abnormal
2. Associated with hearing loss 3. Ear disorders 4. Medications |
|
|
Vertigo?
|
Dysfunction of labyrinth
Distinguish from true vertigo |
|
|
Risk factor for ear infections?
|
1. Passive & secondhand smoke
2. Bottle fed infants |
|
|
Nares?
|
1. Oval openings
2. Base of the triangle of nose 3. Widens into the vetibule |
|
|
Columella?
|
1. Divides 2 nares
2. Continuous inside with the nasal septum |
|
|
Vestibule?
|
1. Inside the nares
2. Each Naris widens into the vestibule |
|
|
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary sinuses?
|
1. Frontal sinuses – frontal bone, above and medial to the orbit
2. Maxillary sinuses – in the maxilla (cheekbones) along the side walls of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Tonsils?
|
1. Throat or pharynx
2. Behind the mouth and nose |
|
|
Uvula?
|
Free projection hanging down from the middle of the soft palate
|
|
|
Carotid artery?
|
Groove between the trachea & sternomastoid muscle.
|
|
|
Apical pulse?
|
5th intercostal space –7- 9cm from the midsternal line
|
|
|
Systole?
|
1. Blood pumped into the ventricles that ventricular pressure is finally higher than in the atria.
2. Mitral and tricuspid valves swing shut 3. Closure of valves is the first heart sound – the beginning of systole 4. Closure of the semi-lunar valves causes the 2nd heart sound – the end of systole. |
|
|
Diastole?
|
1. Ventricles are relaxed
2. Tricuspid & mitral valves open 3. End of diastole 4. The atria contracts and push the last amount of blood into the ventricles |
|
|
Murmur?
|
Turbulent blood flow and collision currents
A Gentle blowing swooshing sound heard on the chest wall |
|
|
Normal bowl sounds?
|
1. High pitched, gurgling, cascading, Growling
2. 5-30 times per min |
|
|
Cerebral cortex?
|
1. Top of head
2. Outer rim of gray matter (no myelin) |
|
|
Wernicke’s area?
|
Temporal lobe – language comprehension
|
|
|
Broco’s area?
|
Frontal lobe – mediates motor speech
|
|
|
Brain stem?
|
Central core of brain (midbrain, pons, medulla)
|
|
|
Sensory pathways?
|
Skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons
|
|
|
Spinal nerves?
|
31 pairs – length of the spinal cord, supply the rest of the body
|
