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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the age range for infancy, early & middle childhood, and adolescence?
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• Infancy: Birth - 1 yr
• Early Childhood: 1 - 4 yrs • Middle Childhood: 5 - 10 yrs • Adolescence: 10 - 20 yrs |
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What are the 5 parts of the Apgar scoring system?
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• Heart Rate
• Respiratory effort • Muscle tone • Reflex irritability • Color |
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Describe the classification by birth weight
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• extremely low birth weight (< 1000 g)
• very low birth weight (< 1500 g) • low birth weight (< 2500 g) • normal birth weight (> 2500 g) |
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Describe the classification of gestational age
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• Preterm (< 37 weeks or 259th day)
• Term (37-42 weeks) • Postterm (> 42 weeks) |
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What is acrocyanosis?
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a blue cast to the hands & feet when exposed to cold
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What is Sturge-Weber syndrome?
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• a unilateral port wine stain over the distribution of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
• associated with seizures, hemiparesis, glaucoma, & mental retardation |
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Significant edema of the hands and feet of a newborn girl may suggest what?
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Turner's syndrome
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What is caput succedaneum?
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• localized subcutaneous edema over the occipitoparietal region caused by distention of capillaries and extravasation of blood and fluid
• swelling often crosses over suture lines and resolves in 1-2 days |
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What is a cephalohematoma?
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• localized swelling of the scalp caused by subperiosteal hemorrhage from birth trauma
• does not cross over suture lines & resolves within 3 weeks |
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What is a Chvostek's sign?
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• percuss at the top of the cheek just below the zygomatic bone in front of the ear
• a positive Chvostek's sign produces facial frimacing caused by repeated muscle contractions of the facial muscles • noted in hypocalcemic tetany, tetanus, and tetany due to hyperventilation |
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What are Brushfield spots?
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• a ring of white specks in the iris
• strongly suggest Down syndrome |
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What is craniosynostosis?
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premature closure of one or more cranial sutures
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List 2 chest wall abnormalities noted in childhood
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• pectus excavatum (funnel chest)
• pectus carinatum (chicken breast deformity) |
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What is the best single sign for ruling out pneumonia?
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absence of tachypnea
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What are the 4 factors in Tetralogy of Fallot?
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• Overriding aorta
• Pulmonary Stenosis • Right ventricular hypertrophy • VSD |
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What is the most common dysrhythmia in children?
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PSVT
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What is hypospadias?
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when the urethral orifice appears at some point along the ventral surface of the glans or shaft of the penis
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Name and describe the two major tests used to evaluate the hips
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• Ortolani test: tests for the presence of posteriorly dislocated hip
• Barlow test: tests for the ability to sublux or dislocate an intact but unstable hip |
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What is the most common severe congenital foot deformity?
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Talipes equinovarus or clubfoot
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What is the acoustic blink reflex?
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blinking of the infant's eyes in response to a sudden sharp sound
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What is a Hoover sign?
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paradoxical breathing in which the abdomen moves outward while the chest moves inward during inspiration
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Describe the palmar grasp reflex
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• when you place your fingers in the baby's hand & press against the palmar surface, the baby will flex all fingers to grasp your fingers
• normal from birth to 3-4 months |
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Describe the plantar grasp reflex
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• touch the sole at the base of the toes and the toes will curl
• normal from birth to 6-8 months |
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Describe the Moro Reflex (Startle Reflex)
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• Hold the baby supine, supporting the head, back, and legs. Abruptly lower the entire body about 2 feet
• the arms abduct & extend, hands open, and legs flex • Normal from birth to 2 months |
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Describe the asymmetric tonic neck reflex
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• with baby supine, turn head to one side, holding jaw over shoulder
• the arms/legs on side to which head is turned extend, while the opposite arm/leg flex • normal from birth to 2 months |
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Describe the positive support reflex
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• hold the baby around the trunk & lower until the feet touch a flat surface
• the hips, knees, and ankles extend, the baby stands up, partially bearing weight, and sags after 20-30 sec • normal from birth/2mo - 6 months |
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Describe the rooting reflex
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• stroke the perioral skin at the corners of the mouth
• the mouth will open and baby will turn the head toward the stimulated side and suck • normal from birth to 3-4 months |
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Describe the trunk incurvation (Galant's) reflex
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• support the baby prone with one hand, and stroke one side of the back 1 cm from midline, from shoulder to buttocks
• the spine will curve toward the stimulated side • normal from birth to 2 months |
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Describe the placing and stepping reflexes
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• hold baby upright from behind and have one sole touch the tabletop
• the hip and knee of that foot will flex and the other foot will step forward • alternate stepping will occur • present at birth, disappears at variable age |
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Describe the Landau reflex
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• suspend the baby prone with one hand
• the head will lift up, and the spine will straighten • normal from birth to 6 months |
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Describe the parachute reflex
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• suspend the baby prone and slowly lower the head toward a surface
• arms and legs will extend in a protective fashion • normal at 4-6 months and does not disappear |
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What is the most frequent cause of an elevated blood pressure in children?
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an improperly performed examination often due to an incorrect cuff size
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Blood pressure in the thighs that are the same or lower than blood pressure in the arms can indicate what?
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coarctation of the aorta
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What is anisometropia?
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eyes with significantly different refractive errors
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What is amblyopia?
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reduced vision in an otherwise normal eye
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What is the most common benign murmur heard in children?
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Still's murmur (a I-II/VI midsystolic murmur located over the mid or lower left sternal border, but also frequently heard over the carotid arteries
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What is a positive Trendelenburg's sign?
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seen in severe hip disease, it is when the pelvis tilts toward the unaffected hip when weight is bornon the affect side
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What are some of the facial characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome?
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• short palpebral fissures
• a wide and flattened hiltrum (the vertical groove in the midline of the upper lip) • thin lips |
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What are some of the facial characteristics of Down's Syndrome?
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• small, rounded head
• flattened nasal bridge • oblique palpebral fissures • prominent epicanthal folds • small, low-set, shell-like ears • relatively large tongue |
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What aspects of development are measures by the Denver Developmental Screening Test?
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• Gross Motor
• Language • Fine motor • Personal/Social |
