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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Polymorphism
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Presence of different forms of a gene within a population
e.g. Sickle Cell Anemia |
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Balanced Polymorphism
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when adaptation is selected for heterozygous alleles
Good example of natural selection - it's not perfect but the best available |
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Blood group antigen systems
Genotypes |
A - AA or AO
B - BB or BO AB - AB O - OO |
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Antigen
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Any foreign protein that enters the system from outside
e.g. Mold, virus, bacteria |
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Antigen - how it works
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Develop antibodies to destroy the foreign protein then they stay in your body to gain immunity in case they return
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Mandelian Trait
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Controlled by one gene
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Blood Type
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Controlled by one gene with three alleles
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Anthropoids - What is
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Only higher primates
All fossil and living: New and Old Word Monkeys Lesser and Higher Apes All fossil and modern man |
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Hominoids - What is
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All fossil and living:
Lesser and higher apes Man |
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Hominoids - characteristics
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No tail
Dental formula |
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Dental formula for hominoids
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2 incisors
1 canine 2 premolars 3 molars Counted in 1/4 of mouth |
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Homonid - What is
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All fossil and living Man
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Homonid - characteristics
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Ability to walk upright at all times
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Habitual Bipedalism
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Ability to walk upright at all times
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Homo - always capitalize and underline
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Some fossil Man and all modern Man
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Homo Sapiens - all small case and underline
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Some fossil Man and all modern Man
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3 types of Mammals
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Monotremes
Marsupials Eutheria |
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Monotremes
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Egg laying mammals
e.g. echidna, duck billed platypus Lay small soft shelled eggs |
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Marsupials
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Pouch
e.g. Kangaroo, Wallaby & Opossum |
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Eutheria
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Only placental mammals
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Primates
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All fossil and living:
posimians New and old world monkeys Lesser and Higher apes All fossil and modern man |
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Taxonomy
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System of classifying organisms
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C. Linnaeus
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Put organisms in different groups by external similarities now we classify based on evolutionary relationships
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Convergent evolution
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Parallel evolution
Selective pressures are the same in similar environments |
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Bone Structure
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Way of categorizing groups of animals. Inherited through a common ancestor.
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Homology
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Structural similarities due to inheritance from a common ancestor. We classify animals based on these in taxonomy
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Mamalia - characteristics
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Mammary glands
Viviparous birth Endothermic 4 chambered heart 3 inner ear bones some hair differentiated vertebral columns Hard upper pallets Heterodont dentition |
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Mammary Glands
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Contributes to a high survival rate by providing food for offspring
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Viviparous birth
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Live birth
Fetus protected Born more mature |
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Endothermic
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Capable of controlling internal body temp on its own
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4 chambered heart
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Keeps clean oxygenated blood and non oxygenated blood seperate
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3 inner ear bones
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amplification
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Some hair
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Protects from elements
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Differentiated Vertebral Column
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5 sections
More mobility |
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Hard Upper Pallets
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Separates nasal from oral so you can breath and swallow at the same time (humans cannot do this)
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Heterodont Dentition
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Different kind of teeth for different functions
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True breeding plants
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always yield the same kind of offspring
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Mendel
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Worked with:
true breeding plants characteristics that were clearly recognizable Single character at a time Kept accurate records |
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Genes
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Code for protein
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4 organizational levels of genetic study
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Molecular
Cellular Organismal Population - frequencies of characteristics |
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Molecular level
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Where genes code for proteins
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DNA
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Blueprint of a protein
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Genotype
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Internal genetic make-up of an organism
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Phenotype
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Physical expression of a Genotype
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Genotypic / Phenotypic Ratios
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1:2:1
3:1 |
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Meiosis
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Important for producing offspring
happens in the testes and ovaries |
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Gametes
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reproductive cells
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How many chromosomes
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46
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Crossover
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Chromosomes lay on top of each other & chromatids tangle then separate but stay next to each other. They exchange sections along with genetic material
Important for variation - happens in Meiosis, Prophase 1 |
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Identical chromosome pairs
In normal cells all would be _____ except sex in men |
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Alleles
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different forms of the same gene which control characteristics in different ways.
70 trillion possibilities in one mating pair |
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Chromosomes
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46 in nucleus of somatic cell
23 pairs one member of each pair given by each parent |
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Chromatid
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Large DNA molecules
2 strands in chromosome |
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Centromere
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Join two chromatids together
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Banding patterns
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How to identify chromosomes
different bands pick up different colors of dye |
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Autosomes
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Non sex chromosomes
22 pairs (+1 sex pair makes 23 pairs) |
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Types of cells
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body
reproductive |
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Living systems
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Photosynthesis
Autocatalysis Adaptation |
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Antogony
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reproduction of single organism
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Genetics
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Study of heredity - How individuals inherit characteristics and how they pass them on
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Individual
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basic unit of natural selection
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Cell
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Basic unit of life
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Turner's Syndrome
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XO - missing a sex chromosome
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Kleinfelter's Syndrome
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XXY Male with extra X
Low sperm counts Breast cancer Long legs Learning problems |
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Super Male
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XYY
Extra testosterone Lack of impulse control |
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Deletions
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Part of a chromosome breaks off
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Cry of a cat
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e.g of deletion
partial #5 chromosome |
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Female Meiosis
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Start with 46 chromosomes
one large egg with 23 and one small egg with 23 then three small each with 23 and one large with 23 |
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Zygote
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Fertilized egg
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Cross-over is a very important process because it produces
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variation
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All normal human beings posses___chromosomes in their somatic cells.
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46
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Give an example of monosomy.
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Turner Syndrome
Cry of the cat |
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Monosomy
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Only one chromosome
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Fitness is relative because
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fitness changes as the environment changes.
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2 Daughter cells produced at the end of meiosis would have
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half the number of chromosomes in each as was in the parent cell
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natural selection selects for _______
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characteristics that increase reproductive success
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Why is mitosis necessary?
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Development
Growth Maintenance |
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What is the importance of variation within a population?
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They allow for the population to adapt to changes in the environment.
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What is the main function of hemoglobin?
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To carry oxygen
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What is the difference between allopatric and parapatric speciation?
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Allopatric - complete breeding isolation
Parapatric - partial breeding isolation |
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What is the function of DNA molecule in protein synthesis?
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Exposes the code for the protein
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Why is DNA replication necessary?
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To provide genetic material for growth and development.
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What is a nucleotide?
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One phosphate, one sugar and one base.
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What is trisomy?
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Extra chromosome.
Down's Syndrome |
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Mechanism of evolution that produces new genetic material:
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mutation
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What do condons code for?
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Amino Acids
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It takes 200 amino acids to make up a certain protein chain, how many codons are needed to code for this protein?
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200
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Do RNA nucleotides contain the same sugar that is found in DNA?
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No
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Universal blood donor
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O
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Give an example of a polymorphic trait.
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Sickle cell anemia
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Give and example of a balanced polymorphism and explain what it means.
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Sickle cell anemia
When a trait is selected for heterozygous genotype |
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What is a Mendelian trait?
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Trait which is controlled by one gene.
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What do codons code for?
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amino acids
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What do genes code for?
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Proteins
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In order to show a recessive characteristic physically, the individual has to be which genotype?
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Homozygous recessive
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Sex influenced traits are carried on which type of chromosomes?
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Autosomes
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How do mutations differ from other mechanisms of evolution?
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They happen within the individual and change the gene. Others happen in populations and combine genetic material.
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Why is the process of Meiosis necessary?
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reproduction
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When does an individual physically show a dominant trait?
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Homozygous dominant or heterozygous
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Can A give blood to B? Why?
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No, because it would introduce a foreign antigen.
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Universal recipient
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AB
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Is there direction in variation?
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Only in natural selection.
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Evolution is a two step process?
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1. Variation
2. Natural Selection |
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Speciation
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Evolution at species level.
Development of a new species. |
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Why does speciation take place?
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Reproductive isolation between breeding populations.
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Mechanisms for speciation
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Geographic
Allopatric Parapartric Sympatric |
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Allopatric Speciation
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Complete isolation between breeding groups
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Types of Allopatric Speciation
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1. structural - parts don't match
2. behavioral - mating rituals 3. temporal - different time frames |
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Parapatric
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Partial isolation
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Mechanisms of Evolution
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Factors that produce variation within the gene pools of populations.
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Mutation
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Mechanism of Evolution
Anything that alters the DNA code of an individual Can be harmful but necessary most are neutral. |
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Mutations are necessary because
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they produce new variations which produces new genetic material.
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What increases the survival potential of populations in a changing environment?
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Variations
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Sex influenced trait
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Located on the autosomes but they express themselves as dominant or recessive depending on the sex of the individual
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Sex affiltiated trait
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Carried on sex chromosomes
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Phylogenetic Evolution
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Changes in gene frequencies with in the gene pools of breeding populations.
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Gene pool
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Sun of genes every individual of a population carries. Controls all physical characteristics.
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Factors in a changing gene pool
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Death, immigration, children, emmigration
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Small scale evolution
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micro evolution
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Macro evolution
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Over 1000's of years
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Are the mechanisms the same in macro and micro evolution?
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Yes
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Basic unit of evolution
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population
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Do individuals evolve?
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no
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What must happen for genetic variations to take place?
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Breeding
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What is the basic unit of natural selection?
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Individual
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Principle of segregation
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During the formation of gametes alleles separate so that each gamete will have either one or the other allele.
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Principle of Independent assortment
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Separation of one pair of alleles do not influence the separation of other pairs of alleles.
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What is another term for Mendelian trait?
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Monogenic trait
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non disjunction
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When both members of the chromosome pair move in the same direction or 2nd division chromatids of a chromosome fail to separate.
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Biocultural approach
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links between biology and culture.
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