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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
refers to concepts dealing with teh (blank) of gravitational and interial mass and to einstein's assertion that the gravitational force as experienced locally is the same as the pseudo force in a non intertial frame of reference
equivalence principle
first galileo expressed this experimentally that the acceleration of a test mass due to gravitation is independent of the amount of mass being accelerated
equivalence principle
It was introduced by Einstein in 1907. This was combined with special relativity to predict that clocks run at different rates in a gravitational potential
equivalence principle
Suggests that gravity is entirely geometrical by nature and doesn't have any extra field associated with it. Einstein's theory of general relativity with the cosmological constant is thought to be the only theory that satisfies this.

Alternative theories include the Brans-Dicke theory
equivalence principle
Father Tommaso Caccini denounced his opinions on the motion of the earth - judging them to be heresy - and he went to rome to defend himself.

During this time, he wrote his first work : The Assayer.
galileo
he devised an imporvement on the Geometric and Military Compass for use by gunners and surveyors.

He was one of the first to do sound frequency.

IN his Dialogue - he presented a physical theory to explain tides.
galileo
when he was under house arrest - he made his

Two New Sciences
galileo
His first tract describing scientific instruments = The Little Balance
His early works in dynamics spawned De Motu

His scientific treatise to be published on observations through a telescope -
The Starry Messenger
galileo
He made a description of sunspots entitled Letters on Sunspots.

He also wrote
Discourse on the Tides
Discourse on the Comets
galileo
a german-dutch lensmaker credited with the inventor of the telescope
hans lippershey
he compiled comprehensive and planetary observations from Scania in Denmark.
brahe
he was at first granted an estate on the island of Hven and the funding to build the Uraniborg.

After disagreements with the new King - he was invited by the bOhemian king and holy roman emperor Rudolph II where he became the imperial astronomer.
brahe
Lost part of his nose in a duel with Manderup Parsbjerg in the Christmas SEason of 1566.
He then became interested in medicine and alchemy and wore a replacement of silver and gold.
brahe
de nova stella on a supernova in 1566

he relied on the new technique of prosthaphaeresis - an algorith for approximating products based on trig identities that predates logarithms
tyco brahe
he discovered the variation of the moon's longitude. He also discovered librations in the inclination of the planets on a lunar orbit.
tyco brahe
star catalogue and planetary tables - rudolphine tables
kepler
treatise consisting of 13 books written in Alexandria in 300 BC.
euclid's elements
second only to the bible in the number of editions published
euclid's elements
it was thought to be influenced by Proclus - a greek mathematician who lived years before the author.


Pythagoras was the source of book I and II.

It may have been based on a textbook by Hippocrates of Chios
euclid's elements
Theon of Alexandria produced the most popular edition of this until Francois Peyrard's discovery at the Vatican of a manuscript from Theon - the Heiberg manuscript - which is the basis of modern aditions
euclid's elements
EDITIONS
first printed in 1482
Theon - Greek
John Dee provided the Mathematical Preface to the first English one by Henry Billingsley
euclid's elements
the annotations to the text are called the scholia.

Edna St. Vincent Millay wrote in her sonnet "(Blank) alone has looked on beauty bare"
euclid
Dutch philosopher of portuguese and Jewish origin.

he is considered one of the great rationalists of the 17th century philosophy.

He opposed Descarte's mind-body dualism.
spinoza
he worked as a lens grinder but was eventually excommunicated (cherem) dismissing him from the jewish community

he lived in the school of Franciscu van den Enden.

In this time he became oriented with Collegiants, members of a sect towards rationalism.
spinoza
he corresponded with Peter Serrarius, a radical protestant and millennarian merchant.
spinoza
his first work = theological-piolitical treatise.


leibniz strongly disagreed with him and published a Refutation of him
spinoza
he came up with a solution to the mind-body problem known as neutral monism.

his consequences imagines a god that doesn't rule over the universe by providence but a god that is the deterministic system of which everything is a part.
spinoza
Treatise on the Improvement of the Understanding
spinoza
A Treatise on Algebra


Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge
whitehead
He made an address : The Aims of Education

which criticized the formalistic approach of teachers who don't care about culture and self-education

he was asked to give The Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh - published as Process and Reality
whiteheadWhitehad
built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into many colors.
newton
law of cooling
newton
he wrote
On Color - which he later turned into opticks
newton
in Hypohtesis of Light - he posits the existence of the ether to transmit forces between parties.
newton
he communicated his astronomical results to John Flamsteed and Edmund Halley in his De Motu Corporum in Gyrum

which was eventually expanded into his most famous work
newton
in its gravitational force, this law was first suggested in 1645 by Ismael Bullialdus.

Coloumb's Law does this between two electrically charged particles
inverse square law
when a substance has this property, it has an electrical resistance of exactly zero and no interior magnetic field.
superconductivity
discovered by keike kamerlingh onnes in 1911
superconductivity
the type II of these, a small amount of resistivity appears at temperatures not too far below the nominal superconducting transition when an electrical current is applied in conjunction with a strong magnetic field.
superconductivity
when a superconductor is placed in a weak external magnetic field - the field penetrates the superconductor a small distance - called the London penetration, decaying to zero
meissner effect
sometimes confused with diamagnetism. but this is when the magnetic field is changing, according to Lenz's law.
They are distinct because a superconductor expels all magnetic field not just those that are changing
meissner effect
explained by Fritz and Heinz London who showed that the electromagnetic free energy is minimized in the London equation
Meissner effect
the Ginzburg-Landau theory and the BCS Theory graetly impacted this
Superconductivity
One key to step to understanding this was when Meissner and Ochsenfeld discvoered that these expelled applied magnetic fields
superconductivity
This theory explains the macroscopic properties of superconductors

abrikosov showed that this predicts the division of superconductors into the two types. - this won the Nobel Prize in 2003.
ginzburg-landau theory
the first commercial one was a niobium-titanium alloy developed by researchers at Westinghouse

in the same year - Josephson made the prediction that currents can pass between these - now called the JOsephson effect.
superconducitiy
they are used in MRI and NMR machines and mass spectrometer and beam-steering in particle accelerators.
superconductors