Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Gravitational Constant
|
G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
|
|
|
Joule
|
1 J = kilogram meter² / second²
|
|
|
Hertz
|
1 (Hz) = 1 cycle/second
|
|
|
Planck's Constant
|
h = 6.6 × 10-34 m2 kg / s
|
|
|
Speed of Light
|
300,000,000 m/s
|
|
|
Speed of Sound
|
340 m/s
|
|
|
Superposition
|
waves will superimpose and produce a well defined combined effect.
|
|
|
Constructive Interference
|
two waves meet at a point where their displacement is in the same direction
|
|
|
Destructive Interference
|
two waves meet at a point where their displacements are in opposite directions
|
|
|
Hologram
|
an image that replicates the exact waves of an object that appears to be in three dimensions
|
|
|
Coherent light
|
a beam of light whose photons all have the same optical properties
|
|
|
Resolution
|
the amount of small detail visible in an image
|
|
|
Diffraction
|
the bending of waves around corners
|
|
|
Energy of position (potential energy)
|
the energy that matter has because of its position or arrangements of atoms or parts
|
|
|
Energy of motion (kinetic energy)
|
the energy that a body has as a result of its motion
|
|
|
Energy of existence (rest energy)
|
the energy equivalent to the mass of a particle at rest
|
|
|
Antimatter
|
matter which consists of antiparticles that have opposite electrical charges
|
|
|
Neutrinos
|
a particle with no rest mass or charge that spins counterclockwise
|
|
|
Higgs boson
|
give mass to other particles
|
|
|
Matter/ antimatter anihilation
|
converts all energy to kinetic energy
|
|
|
Quantum mechanics
|
theory that predicts how atoms move using odds
|
|
|
Basic Principles of Quantum Mechanics
|
particles move like waves
all atoms have certain energy levels which emit certain wavelengths of light |
|
|
Hidden Variables
|
phenomena beyond quantum mechanics that are needed to explain an individual event
|
|
|
Entanglement
|
when two or more objects have to be described with reference to each other
|
|
|
Wavefunction
|
the encoded possibilities of any given outcome
|
|
|
Bifurcating many worlds
|
for every decision there are two choices which occur at the same time in another world
|
|
|
Many-Worlds interpretation
|
parallel universes exist which take the randomness out of quantum mechanics
|
|
|
Copenhagen Interpretation (1927)
|
says there is no quantum world there are only abstract physical descriptions of events.
|
|
|
Exclusion Principle
|
two particles cannot have the same position and velocity
|
|
|
John S. Bell
|
born 1928 said that hidden variables do not work with quantum mechanics
|
|
|
Bell's Inequality
|
measurements on one part of a quantum system can have instantaneous affects on another part
|
|
|
String Theory
|
Determines what particles exist and their properties
Determines what forces exist Determines the number of dimensions |
|
|
M-Theory
|
theory that encompasses string theory and supergravity
|
|
|
Composition at the creation of the universe
|
75% hydrogen and 25% helium
|
|
|
Stellar Life cycles
|
Bigger stars have shorter lives
Size of a star depends on the balance of gravity and fusion |
|
|
Main sequence stars
|
fuse hydrogen into helium
|
|
|
Supernovas
|
Produce heavy elements past iron
Bright as 100 billion stars Upon death, become neutron stars and pulsars |
|
|
Problem with sound in space
|
sound needs a medium to pass through
|
|
|
Problem with seeing phaser fire
|
the energy a phaser travels at the speed of light which means you wouldn't be able to see the phaser coming
|
|
|
Problem with invisibility phasing
|
the bending of light around a spaceship which makes it invisible would mean that the occupants could not see out of the ship
|
|
|
Doppler Compensators
|
compensates for the relative motion of the origin to the destination while traveling at high speeds
|
|
|
Heisenberg Compensators
|
compensates for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle which stats that one cannot know the quantum state of a subatomic particle
|
|
|
Moore's Law
|
computing power doubles every two years
|
|
|
Tycho Brahe
|
1546 Observed a supernova which did not change positions in the sky with different reference frames
|
|
|
Galileo Galilei
|
1564 All objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum
|
|
|
Johannes Kepler
|
1571 Orbits are ellipses
|
|
|
Pierre de Fermat
|
1601 Light travels from one point to another along the path that takes the least time
|
|
|
Isaac Newton
|
1643
Gravity is a force (GMm/r^2) which explains Galileo and Kepler's orbit 1) an isolated object with travel in a straight line at a constant velocity 2) F=ma 3)For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
|
|
Einstein
|
1878 General Relativity
Special relativity |
|
|
Stephen Hawking
|
1942 Black holes
|
|
|
General Relativity
|
force of gravity can be replicated by acceleration
light takes a path that takes the least amount of time gravity is a curvature of spacetime we think of gravity as a force when we mistakenly think of spacetime as flat |
|
|
Special Relativity
|
The speed of light is the same for all observers
|
|
|
Blackholes
|
when escape velocity exceed the speed of light
event horizon |
|
|
Escape Velocity Formula
|
Ve = √(2GM/R)
|
|
|
Radial Acceleration Formula
|
A=v2/r
|
|
|
Force of Attraction Formula
|
F=GmM/r2
|
|
|
Lorentz Contraction Formula
|
Length at speed v = (length at rest) x √[1-(v²/c²)]
|
|
|
Lorentz Factor for High Velocity
|
ϒ = 1/ √[1-(v²/c²)]
|
|
|
Lorentz Factor for Small Velocity
|
ϒ = 1 + ½(v/c)²
|
|
|
Time Dilation Formula
|
Time observed in motion = (t observed at rest) / √[1-(v²/c²)]
|
|
|
Non-relativistic Kinetic Energy Formula
|
E = (1/2)mv²
|
|
|
Matter Conversion Formula
|
E = mc²
|
|
|
Photon Energy Formula
|
E = hf
E = hc/ λ |
|
|
Velocity of Wave Formula
|
v = f λ (speed of the wave = frequency x wavelength)
v = λ/T (speed of the wave = wavelength / period) |
|
|
de Broglie Wavelength
|
λ = h/p
|
|
|
Resolution Formula
|
y = L λ / D
|
