Phys1501 Exam 2

Front 1

The brain (in the skull) and the spinal cord (in the spine) make up the?

Back 1

CNS

Front 2

The PNS is located outside the?

Back 2

skull and spine (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)

Front 3

Bundles of axons are?

Back 3

nerves

Front 4

Clusters of nerve cell bodies are known as?

Back 4

ganglia

Front 5

What are 2 subdivisions of the PNS?

Back 5

afferent and efferent

Front 6

The afferent division of the PNS is also known as the _____ ______ and carries information from the ___ to the _____

Back 6

sensory system; from periphery to the CNS (or from receptors to the CNS)

Front 7

Which one of the three sensory systems contains pain receptors within the skin?

Back 7

somatosensory

Front 8

The efferent division of the PNS carries information away from the ____ and to ______

Back 8

away from the CNS and towards the effectors (i.e. muscles and glands)

Front 9

The efferent disvision is also known as the motor division. What 2 further subdivisions can this system be broken up into?

Back 9

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Front 10

Which subdivision of the motor/efferent division conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles?

Back 10

somatic nervous system

Front 11

The autonomic nervous system is under _______ control

Back 11

involuntary

Front 12

The autonomic nervous system sends impulses from the CNS to?

Back 12

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Front 13

What 2 divisions can the autonomic nervous system be broken up into?

Back 13

sympathetic (fight or flight) system and parasympathetic (rest and digest) system

Front 14

T or F: If there were damage done to autonomic motor nerves, there would be a large change in muscle tone.

Back 14

False; the effector organs within the autonomic nervous system consist of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Front 15

T or F: All axons are myelinated in the CNS

Back 15

True

Front 16

T or F: Nerves are located in both the PNS and CNS

Back 16

False; there are no nerves in the CNS

Front 17

In the CNS, bundles of axons are referred to as?

Back 17

tracts, which travel up or down the white matter of the spinal cord (think of them as the communication pathway within the CNS)

Front 18

The basic functional unit of the nervous system

Back 18

neuron

Front 19

T or F: Neuroglia are 10 times more abundant in the nervous system than neurons

Back 19

True

Front 20

Astrocytes are a type of?

Back 20

glial cell (aka neuroglia)

Front 21

The axon carries info ____ from the cell body

Back 21

away (cell body aka soma)

Front 22

Which part of the axon releases a chemical message?

Back 22

axon terminal

Front 23

______ neurons transmit instructions from the brain to muscles or glands

Back 23

Efferent/motor neurons

Front 24

Efferent neurons are primarily found in the PNS. Where are the cell bodies of efferent neurons found?

Back 24

CNS

Front 25

Thoughts, memory, creativity, and intellect are functions primarily associated with which type of neurons?

Back 25

interneurons

Front 26

Which neurons take information from the internal or external environment and send this info to the CNS?

Back 26

Afferent/sensory neurons

Front 27

T or F: Neuroglia can conduct nerve impulses

Back 27

False; use chemical signals as a form of communication within other glial cells or between a glial cell and a neuron

Front 28

What are 4 kinds of neuroglia?

Back 28

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Front 29

Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell. The formation of tight junctions on capillaries helps establish the ___ ____ _____

Back 29

blood brain barrier

Front 30

Axons wrapped with myelin can be found in both the CNS and PNS. Which kinds of cells are myelinated?

Back 30

CNS-oligodendrocytes

PNS- Schwann cells

Front 31

Which glial cells serve as an immune defense in the CNS?

Back 31

microglia

Front 32

Which glial cells help move cerebrospinal fluid down the central canal?

Back 32

ependymal cells

Front 33

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Back 33

dura mater (outer, hard layer), arachnoid mater (middle, delicate layer), and pia mater (deepest and most fragile layer)

Front 34

What is the largest portion of the brain?

Back 34

cerebrum

Front 35

What connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Back 35

corpus callosum

Front 36

The 2 major portions of the cerebrum are?

Back 36

cortex and subcortex

Front 37

The cerebral cortex is made up of ____ matter and divided into 4 ____.

Back 37

gray matter; divided into 4 lobes- parietal, occipital, temporal, and frontal

Front 38

Basal nuclei are populations of ___ matter located deep within the _____.

Back 38

gray; cerebrum

note*** basal nuclei are masses of gray matter located deep within white matter

Front 39

Parkinson's disease is associated with a decrease in which neurotransmitter?

Back 39

dopamine (more specifically- death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra)

Front 40

What is the oldest region of the brain?

Back 40

brain stem (made up of midbrain, pons, and medulla)

Front 41

Which part of the cerebellum plays a role in learned motor skills, i.e. riding a bike?

Back 41

Cerebrocerebellum

Front 42

The pneumotaxic center is located in the?

Back 42

Pons

Front 43

The forebrain/diencephalon surrounds the ___ ventricle and houses the _____ & ______

Back 43

surrounds the 3rd ventricle; houses thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 44

The _____ root conveys motor commands to the muscles

Back 44

ventral/anterior root

Front 45

Cell bodies of afferent/sensory neurons are found in the?

Back 45

dorsal root ganglion

Front 46

T or F: An indirect antagonist competes with the binding site on the receptor.

Back 46

Fasle; binds to a different site than the neurotransmitter

Front 47

ACh is the most abundant NT in the?

Back 47

PNS (it is also found in CNS, but not as abundant compared to PNS)

Front 48

Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors are types of _____ receptors

Back 48

cholinergic

Front 49

AChE inhibitors are considered _____ agonists

Back 49

indirect because they prevent ACh from being degraded and ACh will remain in the synaptic cleft for a longer period

Front 50

Atropine is a direct cholinergic antagonist that works on which type of receptor?

Back 50

muscarinic

Front 51

Dilation of pupils and bronchioles are a response of the?

Back 51

sympathetic nervous system

Front 52

The urinary system and digestive system are inhibited in the ?

Back 52

sympathetic nervous system

Front 53

Dilation of the blood vessels in the penis and clitoris and a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure are associated with?

Back 53

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 54

Bronchiole and pupil constriction are associated with?

Back 54

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 55

An increase in heart rate and blood pressure are associated with?

Back 55

sympathetic nervous system

Front 56

Stimulation of the digestive system and urinary system are associated with?

Back 56

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 57

In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic nerve axons are ____ while preganglionic nerve axons are ____.

Back 57

postganglionic=long
preganglionic=short

Front 58

In the sympathetic nervous system, where do preganglionic neurons originate?

Back 58

thoracolumbar region (T1-L3)

Front 59

In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic nerve axons are ____ and postganglionic nerve axons are ____.

Back 59

preganglionic=long
postganglionic=short

Front 60

Where do preganglionic neurons originate in the parasympathetic division?

Back 60

craniosacral region (spinal cord segments S2-S4)

Front 61

GABAergic agonists include?

Back 61

benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ETOH

Front 62

Picrotoxin is a ______ antagonist

Back 62

GABAergic

Front 63

GABA is an inhibitory/excitatory NT and Glutamate is an inhibitory/excitatory NT

Back 63

GABA=inhibitory
Glutamate=excitatory

Front 64

Which part of the cerebellum maintains balance, controls eye movement, and receives input from the vestibular system?

Back 64

vestibulocerebellum

Front 65

Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic division innervate sweat glands?

Back 65

sympathetic

Front 66

T or F: Salivary secretion is stimulated by both divisions of the ANS

Back 66

True

Front 67

In the sympathetic NS, which kind of receptors are found on the effector organs of the autonomic nerve pathway?

Back 67

both adrenergic and cholinergic receptors are found on the effector organs (sweat glands=muscarinic receptors and smooth muscle, glands=adrenergic receptors)

Front 68

Opiates bind to receptors located on the _____ ____

Back 68

spinal cord

Front 69

Which fibers carry pain signaling?

Back 69

C and A-delta

Front 70

Which chemical mediator causes the most pain?

Back 70

Bradykinin