Phys V

Front 1

repro organ

Back 1

testes and ovaries

Front 2

functions of gonads

Back 2

produce germ celss

secrete sex steroids

Front 3

accessory reproductive organs

Back 3

ducts and glands emptying into the ducts the used to transport sperm and eggs from gonads

Front 4

gonadotropin 2 actions at the gonads

Back 4

gametogenesis

release steroid sex hormones

Front 5

what feedback to inhibit secretion of GnRH from hypothalmus and LH and FSH from AP?

Back 5

inhibin and sex steroids

Front 6

gametogenesis

Back 6

differentiation and development of germ cells into gametes

Front 7

developing gametes

Back 7

germ cells

Front 8

2 steps of gametogenisis

Back 8

1. proliferation of primordial germ cells

2. differentiation into gametes

Front 9

mitosis

Back 9

proliferation of germ cells

Front 10

when does proliferation of female's germ cells occur?

Back 10

in females proliferation of germ cells by mitosis occurs entirely during embryological development

Front 11

when does proliferation of male's germ cells occur?

Back 11

in males proliferation of germ cells by mitosis occurs in embryo and again starting at puberty and throughout life to supply sperm

Front 12

number of chromosomes in humans

Back 12

23 diploid

Front 13

DNA replication

Back 13

produces sister chromatids (tetraploid)

Front 14

Mitosis 4 steps

Back 14

1. DNA replication which produces sister chromatids (tetraploid)
2. chromatids condense and become attached to spindle fibers
3. sister chromatids seperate at centromere and each moves toward opposite poles
4. Cell begins to constrict and cell pinches in half to form 2 cells

Front 15

meiosis

Back 15

produces gametes with single copy of 23 haploid chromosomes

Front 16

number of cell divisions in meiosis

Back 16

2

Front 17

number of cell divisions in mitosis

Back 17

one

Front 18

steps of meiosis

Back 18

DNA is replicated to form sister chromatids

Recombination (cross over) occurs between homologous chromosomes

First cell division occurs with homologous pairs of chromosomes seperating and randomly segregating into the 2 cells giving diploid cells

in the second cell division, there is no DNA replication. The sister chromatids separate and move to the daughter cells. This gives each cell a single copy of each chromosome (haploid)

Front 19

In meiosis, what would happen if recombination did not occur?

Back 19

the DNa in the sister cells of the second meiotic division would be identical. Re

Front 20

Purpose of recombination

Back 20

reassorting of genes to create unique offspring

Front 21

What allows variability of offsprin?

Back 21

due to crossing over wi chromosomes and random segregation of chromosomes

Front 22

what are at least 1/2 of miscarriages and spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy and 1/3 of spontaneous abortions in the second trimester due to?

Back 22

meiotic errors which cause chromosomal abnomalities

Front 23

scrotum

Back 23

oupouch of ab wall, divided internally into two sacs, one for each testis. this allows Spermatogenesis to occur at a temp several degrees below core body temp

Front 24

Where do testes first develop?

Back 24

first develop in ab cavity and at week 7 of gestation drop into the scrotum

Front 25

What happens if testes do not descend into scrotum?

Back 25

called a retained testicle. There will be no spermatogenisis since the temp is too hi. However testosterone is nomal

Front 26

Muscle that moves the testicles toward the body in cold or in stressful environment

Back 26

cremaster muscles

Front 27

Parts of the testis

Back 27

seminferous tubules
rete testis
efferent ductules
epididymis
vas deferens

Front 28

where are sperm made?

Back 28

in testes

Front 29

where does spermatogenesis occur?

Back 29

seminferous tubules are the site of sperm formation

Front 30

part of testes, where sperm starts and its pathway

Back 30

seminferous tubules (its made)-> Rete testes -> efferent ductules -> epidiymis -> vas deferens

Front 31

parts of male repro tract, after sperm leaves the testes

Back 31

seminal vesicle -> prostate -> ejaculatory ducts -> bulbourethral gland -> urethra

Front 32

duct that goes from seminal vesicle and joins vas deferens

Back 32

ejaculatory duct

Front 33

duct that transports sperm out of the penis

Back 33

urethra

Front 34

undifferentiated germ cells

Back 34

spermatogonia

Front 35

process of spermatogenesis

Back 35

begining at puberty, spermatogonia divide mitotoically to make clonal spermatogonia

differentiation of spermatogonia makes primary spermatocytes

these cells undergo first meiotic divison to make secondary spermatocytes

the secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to make spermatids

the spermatids differentiate more to make spermatozoa (4 sperm per meiosis)

Front 36

when does spermatogenisis occur?

Back 36

at puberty

Front 37

time it takes for entire process of spermatogenisis

Back 37

64 days for entire process

Front 38

number of sperm made per day

Back 38

30 million!

Front 39

where are sertoli cells?

Back 39

in seminferous tubule

Front 40

Function of sertoli cells

Back 40

to support development of spermatocytes

form blood testes barrier via tight junctions

secrete androgen binding protein and inhibin

Front 41

where are leydig cells?

Back 41

between seminferous tubules

Front 42

function of leydig cells between the seminferous tubules?

Back 42

secrete testosterone

Front 43

describe the head of the spermatozoa

Back 43

it has an acrosome with enzymes that dissolve zona pellucida of the egg and allow penetraion into the ova

it contains the nucleus

Front 44

midpiece section of spermatozoa

Back 44

mitochondria in it to provide energy

Front 45

tail of spermaotozoa

Back 45

has flagellum for motility

Front 46

sperm transport

Back 46

seminferous tubules -> rete testes -> effernt tubules -> epididymis

Front 47

when do sperm become motile?

Back 47

when the reach the epidymis. at the epididymis, sperm maturation occurs

Front 48

since sperm are not motile until the reach the epididymis, how do sperm move from seminferous tubules to epidymis?

Back 48

by pressure created by the continuous formation of fluid by the sertoli cells.

Front 49

how are sperm transported from epididymis to vas deferens?

Back 49

transport occurs by paristaltic contraction of the vas deferens

Front 50

where is sperm stored?

Back 50

in epididymis and vas deferens

Front 51

where does sperm maturation occur?

Back 51

epididymis

Front 52

corpora cavernosa

Back 52

vascular compartment of penis

Front 53

penis during symp stimulation

Back 53

at rest, symp nervous system causes constriction of arteries so corpora cavernosa contains little blood and the penis is flaccid

Front 54

penis during parasymp stimulation

Back 54

causes release of nitric oxides which causes relaxation of arteries through increase of cGMP and filling of compartments causing erection

occurs via spinal reflex with input from higher centers

Front 55

treatment for erectile dysfunction

Back 55

phophodiesterase type 5 metabolize cGMP so drugs to help erectile dysfunction inhibit PDE5 like viagra, levitra, and cialis. This allows increase in cGMP to maintain erection :)

Front 56

secretion from glands form semen and movemnt of semen into proximal urethra

Back 56

emission

Front 57

what contributes the most fluid to to semen?

Back 57

seminal vesicles

Front 58

describe symp system role in emission

Back 58

symp stimulation of smooth m. in mas deferens causes sperm and fluids to move from the vas deferens into proximal urethra.

symp system also stimulates fluid secretion from seminal vessicles, prostrate, and bulbourethral glands into urethra during emission

Front 59

what secretes fluids into the urethra during emission?

Back 59

seminal vessicles, prostrate, and bulbourethral glands

seminal vessicles contributes the most fluid

Front 60

semen

Back 60

sperm and fluids from acessory glands

Front 61

semen content

Back 61

10% sperm

the rest is nutrients, electorlytes, buffers, and prostaglandins

Front 62

volume of semen

Back 62

2-6 mL

Front 63

pH of semen

Back 63

7-8

Front 64

sperm count in semen

Back 64

over 20 million/mL

Front 65

normal motility of semen

Back 65

over fifty percent motile

Front 66

discharge of semen from urethra

Back 66

ejaculation

Front 67

describe ejaculation

Back 67

symp stimulation of urethra smooth muscle

somatic stimulation of skeletal m. at base of penis

during ejaculation sphincter to bladder is closed

Front 68

how often do males secrete GnRH from hypothalmus?

Back 68

pulsitile bursts every 90 min.

Front 69

Effects of FSH on Sertoli cells

Back 69

stimulates spermatogenisis by making and secreting Growth factors

stimulate synthesis and secretion of androgen binding protein which concentrates testosterone in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

produces inhibin wich negatively feeds back on AP and inhibits FSH secretion

Front 70

Effect of LH on leydig cells

Back 70

increased testosterone producation and release through increased expression of testosterone synthesizing enzymes

testosterone neg feeds back on AP and hypothalmus

Front 71

androgenic effects of testosterone

Back 71

diffuses into sertoli cells and initiates and supports spermatogenesis

maintains acessory organs, such glands, smooth m. , etc

induces 2ary sex characterisitics at puberty (hair on body, face and distribution of fat)

behavior(sex drive,aggresion)

Front 72

anabolic effects of testosterone

Back 72

proteins synthesis

Front 73

in brain what is testosterone converted into?

Back 73

estradiol

Front 74

are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone free or bound to proteins in plasma?

Back 74

bound to proteins. only the free form is active

Front 75

when do oogonia undergo mitotic division in female?

Back 75

at 6-24 weeks of gestation

Front 76

describe process of oogenesis

Back 76

oogonia undergo mitosis from 6-24 wks of gestation

oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes and begin first meiotic division at 9 wks of gestation but do NOT undergo division bc they enter meiotic arrest at 6 mo. of gestation

at puberty meiotic activity begins again. oocytes develop and undergo first meiotic division to make secondary oocyte right before ovulation. of the 2 daughter oocytes, only one has the cytoplasm and the other contains only 1/2 the chromosome and it is called the polar body(nonfunctional)

at fertilization, in the uterine tube the oocyte undergoes the 2nd meiotic division and again a polar body w/ half of oocyte DNA is extruded by the cell and degenerates. resulting cell is called a ovum with contains a single copy of the maternal chromosomes

Front 77

what does meiosis of primary oocyte make?

Back 77

one egg and 2 polar bodies

one oocyte makes one ovum

Front 78

when do primordial follicles form?

Back 78

when oogonia begins meiosis and develops into a primary oocytes at about 16 weeks of gestation

Front 79

preganulosa cells

Back 79

single layer of spindle shaped cells surrounding primary oocyte

gap junctions form between pregranulosa and oocyte

Front 80

cervix

Back 80

connects the uterus and the vagina

Front 81

2 cell layers of the uterus

Back 81

1. myometrium
2. endometrium-ep layer that is sloughed off during menses

Front 82

how are primary follicles made?

Back 82

at the beginning of menstrual cycle primordial follicles are recruited and develop into primary follicles

Front 83

what do pregranulosa cells become?

Back 83

cuboidal and differentiate into granulosa cells.

Front 84

what do granulosa cells secrete?

Back 84

mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins to form the zona pelucida between the oocyte and the granulosa

Front 85

What do granulosa cells secrete?

Back 85

estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin

Front 86

describe theca cells

Back 86

cells from conective tissue in ovary are recrited to follicle and differentiate into theca cells. These cells surround granulosa cells outside of he basement membrane

Front 87

what do theca cells acquire?

Back 87

LH receptors and ability to secrete steroids

Front 88

Antral follicle

Back 88

Granulosa cells secrete fluid and form fluid filled space called the antrum. LH receptros are on the granulosa cells

Front 89

what is the dominant follicle?

Back 89

it is the determined follicle selected about 7 days into the cycle

Front 90

folliular atresia

Back 90

the other follicles, not the dominant follicle, that are degenerated without ovulating

Front 91

what surrounds oocyte?

Back 91

layer of granulosa cells which are connected to follicle by cumulus oophorus

Front 92

day 14 of menstraul cycle

Back 92

ovulation

Front 93

ovulation

Back 93

rupture of follicular and ovarian walls due to enzymatic digestion

secondary oocyte covered by corona radiata make up of zona pellucida and a layer of granulosa cells

Front 94

Formation of corpus leteum (yellow body)

Back 94

after egg and antral fluid are lost, remaining granulosa and teca cells of the follicle are transformed into the corpus luteum

Front 95

What does corpus luteum secretes?

Back 95

estrogen
progesteron
inhibin

Front 96

What happens to corpus luteum if no fertilization occurs?

Back 96

its active for about 10 days then it degenerates

Front 97

follicular phase

Back 97

from beginning of menstration until ovulatioin

Front 98

luteal phase

Back 98

from ovulation until the beginning of menstration

Front 99

2 phases of mentral cycle

Back 99

follicular phase

luteal phase