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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Norepi/epi mimick but only on alpha 1 receptors
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pseudoephidrine: Excites blood vessels, vasoconstriction produces less mucus.
Designed to treat allergies. |
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Norepi/epi mimick on Beta 2 receptors |
Isoproterinol: Beta receptors on bronchiols are dialated
Designed to treat Asthma |
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Blocks the Muscarinic Receptors
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Atropine
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Blocks Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors
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Propanolol: slows HR, lowers blood pressure
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Blocks Nicotinic Receptors
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Curare: tranquilizer for large animals, paralyzes skeletal muscles.
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Block ACH release
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Botulin: blocks all cholinergic synapses, extremely toxic
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This blocks Sodium channels
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Tertrodotoxin (puffer fish/salamander)
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Causes explosive release of ACH
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Black widow spider toxin
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Part of the kidney innervated in an emergency
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Adrenal medulla: ACH and N1 gates. Norepi 20%, Epi 80% (adrenal rush)
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Heart
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SYMP: Beta 1(Nor/Epi) EPSP, increases heart rate and stroke volume, blood flow
PARA: Muscarinic, ACH, IPSP, decreases Heart rate, blood flow |
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Small Intestine
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SYMP: Alpha 2 (Nor/Epi) IPSP, decrease motility of small intestine (smooth muscles)
PARA: Muscarinic, ACH, EPSP, increase motility |
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Blood Vessels to Small Intestine
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SYMP: Alpha 1 (Nor/Epi) EPSP, vasoconstriction, reduce blood flow
PARA: NONE |
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Bronchioles
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SYMP: Alpha 2 (Nor/Epi) IPSP, dialation of tubes, more air flow
PARA: Muscarinic, ACH, constriction of tubes, less air flow |
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BLOOD VESSELS
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MOST: SYMP= Alpha 1, EPSP, vasoconstriction, PARA= nothing
SOME (heart, skeletal muscles): SYMP= Beta 2, vasodilation, IPSP, increase blood flow, PARA= none In Genitals= SYMP= none, PARA= Muscarinic, ACH, IPSP, increased blood flow (erection) |
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Circulation jobs in lungs, Small Intestine, Kidney, Liver
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Lungs: CO2 and O2 exchange
S.I. nutrient exchange Kidney: waste removal Liver: Everything (makes sure blood is good quality) |
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Major Components of the Circulatory system
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Heart: pump provides force
Blood: exchange media Tubes: arteries, capillaries, veins Lymph: immune system center, lymph, dietary lipids |
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Functions of the Circulatory System
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1) pH balance
2) Immune response 3) Temperature regulation 4) Transport of materials |
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Nodes properties of Heart
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Conduct electricity
Don't contract Non-contracting muscle cells |
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Functions of the Conduction Network
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1) Spontaneously generates actions potentials (MYOGENIC)
2) Rapidly spreads action potentials throughout the heart |
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When many behave as one
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Syncitium
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What Ion channels polarize and depolarize the Conductile cells?
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Depolarize: Slow Ca++ channels and Fast Ca++ channels
Polarize: Potassium channels Autorhytmic 1% of cardiac muscle |
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GO through the pattern of stimulation for the heart
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1) SA node depolarizes
2) spreads to contractile cells in both atria 3) AV node delay/ AV contract 4) Av node releases rapide signal 5) ventricles contract |
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What are the ion gates responsible for the contractile heart cells polarization/depolarization
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Depolarization: Sodium channels
Ploarization: Potassium channels (slowed by Ca++ channels) (why cannot tetanize heart muscle) |
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If the pressure in the atria is greater than the pressure in the ventricles then the valve is....
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OPEN
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If the pressure in the atria is less than in the ventricles the valve is
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CLOSED
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If the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles, the valve is
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CLOSED
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If pressure in the arteries is less than in the ventricles than the valve is
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OPEN
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1 beat per
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0.8 seconds
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What is the timing on both the atrial and ventricle diastole and systole cycle?
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Atria: systole=0.1 seconds, diastole=0.7 seconds
Ventricles: Systole= 0.3 seconds, Diastole=0.5 seconds |
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specify volumes of ventricle filling.
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In passive relaxed atria 80%
Contracted atria 20% |
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This happens 3/8th of the time, when ventricular systole is occuring
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Coronary circulation
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What is the Frank Starling Law of the Heart?
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Stroke volume will be equal to venus return
means: a stretched muscles cell contracts harder and vice versa |
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What is an EKG or ECG
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Electrocardiogram
put electrodes on the surface of the body, detecs changes in fluid electricity in heart |
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Explain PQRST waves
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P wave= depolarization of the atria
QRS: Ventricles depolarize T: ventricles repolarize |
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What percentage of blood is in the heart, pulmonary circuit, and systemic vessels?
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Heart= 7%
Pulmonary=9% Systemic=84% (15%arteries, 5% caps, 64% veins) |
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Equation for TPR
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Total Peripheral Resistance=
8ml/r^4 m= viscosity of the fluid being pumped L= vessel length (comes with rapid weight change) |
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What is hematocrit
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It is the percentage of cells in the blood
(high hematocrit means high viscosity and vice versa) |
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If you increase resistance...
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You increase Blood Pressure and Decrease flow
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If you decrease resistance...
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You decrease Resistance and decrease Blood Pressure
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S/D
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120/80
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S-D
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40 (Pulse Pressure)
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Mean Arteriole Pressure
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2D + S/ 3 = 93.mmHg
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Blood pressure =
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Cardiac Output x Stroke Volume
CO= beats/min SV= mL/ beat |
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Regulation of BP
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1) Autonomic NS--
SYMP: increases BP via increases in HR and SV PARA: Decreases BP via Decrease in HR 2) Baroreceptor Reflexes: high stretch= high BP (brain takes motor action to lower BP) (pulse frequency determine BP |
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What are the peripheral Chemoreceptors?
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Phasic O2 detectors, only work when 02 is extremely low, about to die
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What regulates BP?
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1) Autonomic NS
2) Baroreceptor reflexes 3) Hormones 4) Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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A pathology that makes an abnormal sound most often because a valve is not functioning.
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Murmur
1) insufficiency: leaky valve that makes a noise when closed 2) stenosis: narrowed valve, noisy when opened because of turbulence |
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What autoimmune disease causes murmurs?
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Rheumatic Fever: begins with a streptococcus infection, in process tissue damage to self (heart valves and kidney most susceptible)
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thickening of arterial walls that progresses to hardening as calcium deposits form. Reduces flow of blood to the tissues.
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Arteriosclerosis
(elastic artery disease) |
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Decreased blood supply to a tissue, may lead to necrosis
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Ischemia
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The blockage of arteries by lipids and other matter
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Atherosclerosis
(this is a type of arteriosclerosis) |
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How do you treat arthrosclerosis?
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1) Vasodilators
2) Angioplasty 3) Bypass 4) gene therapy (turn on gene that grows coronary arteries) |
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Ischemic Heart Disease causes...
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1) Arrythmia: abnormal heart rhythm
2) Fibrillation: break down of syncitium (not as bad if atrial 20% decrease in stroke vol, ventricular=immediate death 3) Myocardial infarction: Heart attack, death of the muscle cells. |
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How do you treat an Arrhythmia?
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1)are sodium blockers aka LIDOCAINE
2) Calcium blockers VERAPOMIL 3) Beta 1 blockers PROPANOLOL |
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What can happen with a myocardial infarction? Treatment?
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1) death
2) reduced function 3) live and improve function ALL DEPEND ON WHICH CELLS DIE Treatment: Heart replacement |
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What is the process of Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis?
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1) Microbes, hypertension, or free radicals
2) allows cholesterol to accumulate around insult in a fatty streak 3) smooth muscle tumor starts forming around fatty streak= atheroma 4) Fibroblasts migrate in and deposit scar tissue over calcium depositio |
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How do you treat an arrhythmia?
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Na+ blockers: idocaine
Ca++ blockers: verapamil B1 blockers: propanolol |
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what are three causes of Ischemic Heart Disease?
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1) coronary BV clot (treat with clot dissolves and diuretics
2) atherosclerosis of coronary BV (treat with bypass, angioplasty, gene therapy) 3) smooth muscle spasm of coronary BV |
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Ischemic Heart Diseases causes?
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1) Arrhythmias
2) Fibrillation |
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What is fibrillation?
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complete loss of rhythm. atrial loss of 20% stroke volume
ventricular 0=death |
