Phys Ii - Respiratory Normal

Front 1

The external intercostals assist with ____ by ____ the rib cage while the internal intercostals assist with ____ by ______ the rib cage.

Back 1

External - inspiration, elevate rib cage
Internal - exhalation, depress rib cage

Front 2

The _____ pleura is attached to the chest wall.

Back 2

parietal

Front 3

The _____ pleura attaches immediately to the lung.

Back 3

visceral

Front 4

What is "pleural pressure"?

Back 4

the pressure of the pleural fluid (in the space between the two pleural layers - pumping of fluid into lymphatic channels creates a suctioning pressure here.

Front 5

Recoil pressure of the lungs is inversely proportional to ___

Back 5

Lung compliance.

Front 6

During inspiration, alveolar pressure ______.

Back 6

Decreases (creates a suction)

Front 7

During expiration, alveolar pressure _____/

Back 7

Increases

Front 8

What is surfactant?

Back 8

Surface agent which reduces the surface tension between the pleura.

Front 9

What secretes surfactant?

Back 9

alveolar epithelial cells

Front 10

The process of recording volume movement of air in and out of the lungs is called ____

Back 10

spirometry

Front 11

Define tidal volume. What is the average tidal volume?

Back 11

volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath. usually about 500mL

Front 12

Define inspiratory reserve volume. What is the normal volume?

Back 12

the extra volume of air that can be inspired over and beyond the normal tidal volume... usually 3000 mL

Front 13

Define expiratory reserve volume. What is the normal volume?

Back 13

the extra amount of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after a normal tidal expiration... usually about 1100mL

Front 14

Define residual volume. What is the normal volume?

Back 14

the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration. Usually about 1200mL

Front 15

Define inspiratory capacity. What is the normal volume

Back 15

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve. Usually 3500mL

Front 16

Define functional residual capacity. What is the normal volume?

Back 16

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume. Usually about 2300mL (amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration)

Front 17

Define vital capacity. What is the normal volume?

Back 17

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume... (maximum air that could be exhaled from maximum inspiration)...usually about 4600 mL

Front 18

Define total lung capacity. What is the normal volume

Back 18

vital capacity + residual volume. Maxiumum air contained in the lung on full inspiration. usually about 5800 mL

Front 19

Pulmonary capacity is usually ____ less in women than men.

Back 19

20-25%

Front 20

What is minute respiratory volume?

Back 20

total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute.

Tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute respirations

Front 21

What is alveolar ventilation?

Back 21

the rate at which new air reaches the alveoli

Front 22

Goblet cells are also called ______ cells and secrete ____

Back 22

1. mucus cells secrete mucus

Front 23

______ epithelium lines the respiratory passages in the nose and as far down as the _____.

Back 23

1. ciliary
2. terminal bronchioles

Front 24

What are the three types of cells in the airway?

Back 24

goblet cells, ciliated cells, and basal cells

Front 25

______ is one of the major factors determining the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Back 25

alveolar ventilation

Front 26

A large vascular compliance in the pulmonary arteries allows the pulmonary arteries to accomodate _____ of the volume from the right ventricle each time the heart beats.

Back 26

2/3

Front 27

During systole, the pulmonary arterial pressure is ______ to that of the right ventricle.

Back 27

Equal to

Front 28

After systole, the right ventricular pressure falls _____ than the right pulmonary pressure.

Back 28

Faster

Front 29

Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure is about ____ mmHg.

Back 29

25

Front 30

Diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure is about ____ mmHg

Back 30

8

Front 31

Mean pulmonary arterial pressure is about ____ mmHg

Back 31

15

Front 32

Pulmonary capillary pressure is about ____ mmHg.

Back 32

7

Front 33

Left atria and pulmonary venous pressure is about ____ mmHg

Back 33

2

Front 34

When the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli decreases below normal, the adjacent blood vessels _____ to direct blood flow where they are most effectively oxygenated.

Back 34

constrict

Front 35

Assuming that the membrane resistance doesn't change, what 3 things influence diffusion in the lungs?

Back 35

1. concentration gradient
2. surface area
3. membrane thickness

Front 36

What are the two types of gas movement in the lungs?

Back 36

1. bulk flow (in the airways to the alveoli)
2. gas diffusion (to blood vessels)

Front 37

What are the metabolically active gasses in respiration? The inert?

Back 37

1. metabolically active - oxygen, carbon dioxide (active in cellular metabolic processes)
2. inert - nitrogen - major portion of air but not exchanged across membranes

Front 38

What factors affect external respiration?

Back 38

gas partial pressures in atmosphere vs alveolar air,
lung diffusion capacity,
partial pressure gradients between alveoli and blood,
ventilation-perfusion relationships

Front 39

Water vapor pressure in air depends on ____ and _____ of the gas.

Back 39

humidity and temperature

Front 40

If air is increased temp, it has____ water vapor.

Back 40

More - air humidifies at higher temps

Front 41

If air is decreased temperature, it has ___ water vapor.

Back 41

Less - moisture condenses out of air

Front 42

If the air has increased humidity, water _____(can/cannot) vaporize

Back 42

Cannot (it is saturated)

Front 43

in decreased humidity, water ____ vaporizes

Back 43

more readily

Front 44

What happens to the partial pressure of a gas when the air saturates with water?

Back 44

Partial pressure decreases

Front 45

Diffusion across the alveoli to the blood stops at what point?

Back 45

When the alveoli and the blood reach equillibrium

Front 46

Lung diffusion capacity ____ from rest to moderate activity.

Back 46

Increases

Front 47

Lung diffusion capacity may ____ during maximal high-intensity exercise.

Back 47

decreases

Front 48

Ventilation-perfusion must be ____ for lung to operate optimally

Back 48

balanced

Front 49

What is ventilation-perfusion mismatch?

Back 49

In damaged portions of the lungs, ventilation or perfusion may be absent, constituting regions of physiological dead space

Front 50

_____ of air by lungs changes the partial pressure of the gasses.

Back 50

Humidification

Front 51

Ventilation of lung lobes and perfusion with blood must be matched to ensure ______.

Back 51

optimal saturation of blood with oxygen

Front 52

What are the three main goals/purposes of the respiratory control system?

Back 52

1. maintain alveolar ventilation sufficient to sustain normal blood gasses
2. Adapt to changing environment or metabolic needs
3. Integrate with non-respiratory activities such as talking or eating

Front 53

What is the normal respiratory rate in adults?

Back 53

12-20/min

Front 54

What is the normal respiratory rate in children?

Back 54

18-24/ min

Front 55

What is the normal respiratory rate in infants?

Back 55

40-60/min

Front 56

What is considered the "respiratory center"?

Back 56

several groups of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla

Front 57

What is the primary effect of the pneumotaxic center?

Back 57

to control the "switch-off" point of the inspiratory ramp (limit inspiration)

Front 58

What does the apneustic center do?

Back 58

Inhibits teh pneumotaxic center or stops the "off" swithch control (allows for maximal inspiration)?

Front 59

What two areas does the medullary rhythmicity area include?

Back 59

dorsal and ventral respiratory groups (DRG, VRG)

Front 60

What does the rhythm generator within the medullary rhythmicity area do?

Back 60

delivers repeptetive bursts of action potentials (pacemaker potentials)

Front 61

What do pontine areas do?

Back 61

stabilize respiratory rhythm and depth. (fine tune medulla to produce smooth inspirations and expirations

Front 62

What are the two components of the pontine areas?

Back 62

Pneumotaxic center, apneustic center.

Front 63

The Dorsal respiratory group stimulates the ______ nerve to _________________________

Back 63

phrenic nerve, to drive the diaphragm and intercostal nerves in controling the external intercostals.

Front 64

What motor tract (CNS) activates the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

Back 64

The reticulospinal tract

Front 65

_______ contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons.

Back 65

The ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Front 66

Inspiratory neurons control ______

Back 66

accessory muscles of inspiration and external intercostal muscles.

Front 67

Expiratory neurons control _______.

Back 67

internal intercostals and abdominal expiration for active expiration

Front 68

The ventral respiratory group becomes active during ____ and are ____ during normal breathing.

Back 68

1. exercise
2. quiescent.

Front 69

The pneumotaxic center is located ____ to the pons and ____ to the DRG

Back 69

1. dorsally
2. superiorly

Front 70

The pneumotaxic center transmits signals to the _____

Back 70

DRG

Front 71

The primary effect of the pneumotaxic center is to ____ inspiration

Back 71

limit

Front 72

Within the pons lie the ___ and ___ centers

Back 72

pneumotaxic and apneustic

Front 73

The apneustic center, located in the lower pons, integrates inspiratory cutoff from the _____ and ____

Back 73

pneumotaxic center and CN X

Front 74

What does stimulation of the apneustic center cause?

Back 74

Apneusis

Front 75

What is apneusis?

Back 75

abnormal breathing pattern with prolonged inspiratory gaps followed by brief expiratory movement (inhibits limitation of inspiration)

Front 76

The responses of the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are mediated via the _____

Back 76

vagus nerve

Front 77

What 4 things does the respiratory system respond to?

Back 77

1. blood chemistry
2. irritants
3. systemic BP
4. lung stretch

Front 78

Excess CO2 and H ions stimulate the respirator center, causing a ______ in inspiration and expiration

Back 78

increase

Front 79

75-80% of normal respiratory drie is driven by the ______

Back 79

central chemosensitive area

Front 80

The chemosensitive area is highly sensitive to ___ or ____

Back 80

pCO2 or H ions

Front 81

When the chemosensitive area is stimulated, it ________ other portions of the respiratory center.

Back 81

excites

Front 82

The chemosensitive area maintains blood pH via the ___________

Back 82

blood-buffer equation

Front 83

Information about CO2 and O2 in plasma is monitored by?

Back 83

Chemoreceptors

Front 84

Respiration is primarily a ____ driven system

Back 84

CO2

Front 85

Central chemoreceptros are responsive to ____ and act by way of ____

Back 85

1. increased arterial PCO2
2. increased CSF (H ions)

Front 86

Peripheral chemoreceptros are responsive to ___ arterial PO2, or ____ arterial H+

Back 86

1. increased or decreased
2. increased

Front 87

Stimulation of peripheral receptors causes _____ inspiration

Back 87

increased

Front 88

What types of peripheral receptors exist in managing respiratory drive?

Back 88

1. pain receptors in muscel and skin
2. proprioceptors in muscle tendons and joints
3. muscle spindles of diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Front 89

_____ are sensitive to PaO2, PaCO2, and pH

Back 89

carotid bodies

Front 90

Where do the afferents in the carotid bodies go?

Back 90

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 91

_____ are sensitive to PaO2, PaCO2, but NOT pH.

Back 91

Aortic bodies

Front 92

Where are aortic bodies found?

Back 92

Between ascendign aorta and pulmonary artery

Front 93

Where do the afferents of aortic bodies

Back 93

vagus nerve

Front 94

What is teh Hering-Breuer reflex?

Back 94

It is a reflex that prevents over-inflation of the lungs. Stretch receptors in bronchial airways stop inspiration when strethced too far.

Front 95

Sustained stimulation of Slowly Adapting stretch Receptors (SARs) in bronchial airways causes _____

Back 95

activation of expiratory neurons

Front 96

What are the 5 locations of pulmonary receptors?

Back 96

1. nasal receptors
2. (vagus afferent) pharyngeal receptors
3. (vagus afferent) laryngeal receptor
4. myelinated pulmonary receptors (in myelinateed/upper airways)
5. non-myelinated pulmonary receptors (lower airways/lungs)

Front 97

Irritant receptors are involved in what 4 reflexes?

Back 97

coughing, sneezing, bronchoconstriction, and increased airway secretions

Front 98

Where are irritant receptors (Rapidly adapting stretch receptors) located?

Back 98

airway epithelium around the carina

Front 99

Irritant receptors respond to ____ and _____ irritation.

Back 99

mechanical and chemical irritation

Front 100

Where are juxtapulmonary receptors located?

Back 100

alveolar walls near capillaries

Front 101

What do J receptors do?

Back 101

Juxtapulmonary receptors mediate change in breathing pattern, to increased interstitial and blood volumes to increase respiratory rate.

Front 102

J receptors are stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____

Back 102

stimulated by vascular congestion
inhibited by capillary obsruction

Front 103

What are the 5 modified forms of respiration?

Back 103

1. coughing
2. sneezing
3. hiccoughing
4. sighing
5. grunting

Front 104

____ are a sudden inspiration caused y spasmodic contraction of the diaphagm

Back 104

hiccoughing

Front 105

_____ hyper inflate the lungs to re expand areas of atelectasis.

Back 105

Sighing

Front 106

_____ is exhalation against a partially closed glottis that may indicate respiratory distress in infants.

Back 106

grunting

Front 107

In stage 4 sleep, (deepest sleep), breathing is ____

Back 107

slow, deep, and regular

Front 108

In stages 1 and 2 of sleep, breathing is ___

Back 108

variable

Front 109

During ____ sleep, breathing varies eratically but tidal volume varies little.

Back 109

REM