Phys Geology - Chapt. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24

Front 1

- Crest
- Trough
- Wave Base = 1/2 WL

Back 1

Wave Motion

Front 2

Crest minus trough

Back 2

Wave Height

Front 3

Distance from crest to crest

Back 3

Wave Length

Front 4

- Energy Derived from wind
- Deep ocean waves there is little to no net foward motion of water
- Only _____ is transmitted in the Deep Ocean

Back 4

Orbital motion, energy

Front 5

- _____ (Wave base intersects the shoreface)
- Wave velocity decreases
- Wavelength decreases
- Wave height increases
______ creates a water velocity resutling in erosion, transport, and depostion

Back 5

Shallow water waves; Swash wash, Transition from Deep to Shallow Water waves

Front 6

Crashing wave in swash and wash

Back 6

Breaker

Front 7

- System of ______ and Back bays
- Energy is concentrated into the headland due to wave _____ (tendency of wave to bend and become nearly parallel to the coastline)
- Eroision and transport at the _____
- Depostion at the ______

Back 7

Headlands; refraction; headland; Back bay; Immature Coastlines

Front 8

______ causes an oblique swash-wash movement along _____
- Net foward motion is called ______ or Current (Current is parallel to the shoreline)

Back 8

Wave refraction; shoreline; Longshore drift; Mature coastlines

Front 9

Offshore migrating current perpendicular to the shoreface

Back 9

Rip Current

Front 10

(Major source of Sediments for Shorelines and Barrier Islands are _____)

Back 10

Rivers

Front 11

Depostion along shoreface causes bar to migrate seaward

Back 11

Migration

Front 12

Rip-rap structures built perpendicular to shoreline to deflect longshore current
- Deposition on _____ side
- Eroision on the _____

Back 12

Jetties; upcurrent; downcurrent

Front 13

Rip-rap built parellel to the shore line causing depositon or infilling behind _______

Back 13

Breakwater

Front 14

______ are the result of the Moon's and Sun's gravitational attraction

Back 14

Tidal Waves

Front 15

_______ result from seismic activity or movement of the seafloor

Back 15

Tsunamis

Front 16

- Warm water
- Shallow water
- Nutreint Rich water
- Oxygenated water
Charles Darwin and Theory of Reefs

Back 16

Coral Reefs; reef requirements

Front 17

As the volcano subsides the reef keeps pace by growing from the top up

Back 17

Conversion of Fringing reefs to Atolls

Front 18

- Deserts ____ 30 degrees N and 30 degress south Latitude
- Due to high pressure cells in Troposhere

Back 18

Along; Major Deserts of the world

Front 19

Rising air over mountains

Back 19

Wind Shadow

Front 20

Deflection of unbound surfaces (wind and water) due to the rotation of the Earth. Runs in circular path

Back 20

Coriolis Effect

Front 21

Removal of small grained sand and silt leaving a dersert pavement

Back 21

Deflation

Front 22

Polished desert rocks by the abrasion of the wind

Back 22

Ventifacts

Front 23

Large grained sand and gravel

Back 23

Creep and roll

Front 24

Bouncing of large grained sand

Back 24

Saltation

Front 25

Silt and clay causing dust storms

Back 25

Suspension

Front 26

Faces the wind

Back 26

Windward face

Front 27

Downwind side

Back 27

Leeward Slope

Front 28

Downwind depostion as a series of cross-beds due to sand cascading at the angle of Repose( steepest angle that loose sediment can obtain)

Back 28

Slip Face

Front 29

- Tips point downward
- Isolated dunes with limited sand supply

Back 29

Types of Sand Dunes: Barchan

Front 30

- Tips point downwind
- "Unlimited" amount of sand supply

Back 30

Types of Sand Dunes: Transverse

Front 31

- Blowout from storm winds
- Tips point upwind (on coastlines)

Back 31

Types of Sand Dunes: Parabolic

Front 32

Conversion of Semi-Arid Land to desert due to human encroachment (not deforestation)

Back 32

Desertification

Front 33

Supercontinent of the Triassic Period. No explainable physical mechanism for the drifting of the continents

Back 33

Pangea

Front 34

Freshwater aquatic reptile

Back 34

Mesosaurus

Front 35

- Continental rifting in _____ plate boundaries
- Causes the formation of linear lakes in the ____ valley (Mesosaurus)
- Lakes give way to ____ seas
- Finally new oceans

Back 35

divergent; rift; inland; Significance of Mesosaurus

Front 36

Part of Divergent plate boundaries. Is represented by the East African rift valley. A major elongate depression bounded by normal faults, where the entire lithoshere is deformed

Back 36

Continental rifting

Front 37

Later stages. Is the divergence of the Arabian plate and African plate
- Continental rifting
- Divergent plate boundaries

Back 37

Red Sea Rift

Front 38

Initial stages. Seperates Somalian and African plates.
- Continental rifting
- Divergent plate boundaries

Back 38

East African Rift Valley

Front 39

Rocks and Mountains are similar ( on both sides of the ocean)in age and compostion in opposite sides of the Atlantic oceans

Back 39

Rock Evidence

Front 40

- Early Mesozoic Glaciation when contenants were connected together in Pangea
- Distribution of Fossil Fuel

Back 40

Paleoclimatic Evidence

Front 41

Field strain (measured along fault line) equals the Elastic limit of the rock (known for all types) the fault raptures causing an earthquake (relaese of seimeic energy)
- The theory that earthquakes result from energy released by faulting; the sudden release of stored strain creates earthquake waves.

Back 41

Elastic Rebound Theory

Front 42

Subsurface source of Earthquake

Back 42

Focus

Front 43

Surface point directly above the focus. Release of energy from the focus as seimic waves

Back 43

Epicenter

Front 44

Fastes wave, propagation of energy is in the direction of the wave. (horizontal)

Back 44

Primary (P) Wave

Front 45

Second fastest wave, (horizontal)propagation of energy is lateral to the wave

Back 45

Secondary (S) Wave

Front 46

Slowest wave, propagation of energy is vertical as rolling orbital waves. Up and down motion, the destruction wave.

Back 46

Surface Wave

Front 47

Distance to the Epicenter

Back 47

Intensity of an earthquake

Front 48

Unconsolated material suffers liquefaction (dewatering of the pore space)

Back 48

Type of Bedrock

Front 49

Energy release

Back 49

Magnitude of Earthquake

Front 50

Descrpitive (Qualitative) Scale from I to XII

Back 50

Mercalli Scale

Front 51

Absolute (Quantitative) from 1-10, Measured by the largest amplitude seismic wave from a seismogram recording. The seismogram is the recording. Seimograph is the instrument that records

Back 51

Richter Scale

Front 52

Exponential Scale 5 Moderate EQ

Back 52

Equal to an atomic bomb

Front 53

Exponential Scale 6

Back 53

Damage to well built structures (Base Line

Front 54

Exponential Scale 7

Back 54

Strong EQ equal to to 10x(#6)

Front 55

Exponential Scale 8

Back 55

Severe EQ Equal to 10x10x (#6)

Front 56

Exponential Scale 9

Back 56

Heavy Destruction equal to 10x10x10 (#6)

Front 57

_____ is determined by measuring the time differenes between the ____ converting time to distance, and _______ distances from ____ seperate seimosgraph stations

Back 57

Epicenter Determination; P&S; triangulation; three

Front 58

- Probable site for the next large sized EQ
- Frequence of 21 years
- Next quake due 1990
- 6.0 Sept 2004

Back 58

Earthquake prediciton; Parkfield California

Front 59

- Earthquakes occur along ______
- Most intense EQ occur along _______ Plate boundaries, i.e. Subduction zones
- Largest EQ have occured in the _______, the Pacific

Back 59

Plate boundries; Convergent; Ring of Fire; Earthquakes and Plate tectonics

Front 60

- Velocity of Seimic Waves are dependent on the denisty of the Earth's layers
- S Waves are absorbed in liquids due to lateral shear, therefore, S waves are absorbed at the outer core boundary

Back 60

Earth's interior

Front 61

Absence of detection of S waves on the opposite side to the EQ

Back 61

S Wave Shadow Zone

Front 62

Where do most earthquakes occur

Back 62

Convergent plate boundaries

Front 63

What happens to the S Waves at the outer core boundary?

Back 63

They are absorbed because the outer core is a liquid

Front 64

Two plates slide horizontally past each other
- Shearing Force
- Crust is not created or destroyed

Back 64

Transform Boundaries

Front 65

Faults will offset the Ridge into a crooked appearing backbone
- Active displacement is _____ the ridge segments

Back 65

Oceanic Ridge Transform Faults; between

Front 66

Faults where two plates slide past each usually involving at least one continental plate
- San Andreas fault (Pacific & North Amercian plate)

Back 66

Continental Transform Faults

Front 67

Longshore drift is due to

Back 67

waves striking the shore obliquely

Front 68

An atoll normally evolves from a fringe or ______

Back 68

Barrier reef

Front 69

A cobble that has been polished and abraded by wind action is called a

Back 69

Ventifact

Front 70

Wind transports material by?

Back 70

- Rolling and sliding.
- Suspension.
- Saltation

Front 71

What causes the migration of sand dunes?

Back 71

Erosion of sand on the windward side and deposition on the slip face.

Front 72

The steepest slope of a sand dune faces southwest, if the wind blows steadily from the

Back 72

Northeast

Front 73

What is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the place of origin of an earthquake called?

Back 73

Epicenter

Front 74

In P (primary) waves, the particles in a rock body move

Back 74

Back and forth parallel to the direction in which the wave travels

Front 75

Which seismic wave type cannot move through a liquid?

Back 75

S waves

Front 76

The most intense and Widespread zone of seismic activity occurs

Back 76

Along convergent plate margins.

Front 77

Distribution of Coral reefs is

Back 77

Between 30 degrees N and 30 degress S Latitude

Front 78

Net forward motion is called..

Back 78

Longshore drift or Current

Front 79

- Seperates the African plate from the Arabian plate
- Causes formation of the Dead sea and sea of Galilee

Back 79

Dead Sea Transform System

Front 80

- Splits in the sea floor marked by Mafic (basaltic) volcanism and seismic activity
• Forms _____ crust which is ____ than continental crust
• Mild/Quiet Volcanism due to low Viscosity Magma
• Divergent Plate Boundary

Back 80

Oceanic Ridges; oceanic ; denser

Front 81

Shows the Rift Valley and Pelagic Sedimentation.
• Pelagic Sediment thickens away from the Ridge
• Oldest oceanic crust is away from the Ridge

Back 81

Seismic Reflection profile

Front 82

• Youngest Rock in Iceland is located along the ridge (_____ of the island). The oldest is away.

Back 82

Observations in Iceland; middle

Front 83

• French-American Oceanic Project
• Alvin Submersible made a number of stunning observations of the Oceanic Ridge

Back 83

Direct Observations of the Sea Floor

Front 84

Long Linear Extension Cracks, parallel to the ridge.
• Due to plates pulling apart
• Site of volcanic and geothermal activity

Back 84

Fissures

Front 85

Results from subsea eruption of lava

Back 85

Pillow Basalt

Front 86

Geothermal vents located along ridge system.
• Black due to dissolved mafic mineral content
• Provide heat and nourishment to producers

Back 86

Black Smokers

Front 87

• Divergent Plate Boundaries are marked by shallow-focused EQs of mild intensity

Back 87

Seismicity of Divergent Plate Boundaries

Front 88

• Gravity Values ____ over the oceanic ridge
• Heat Flow Values _____ over the oceanic ridge

Back 88

Gravity and Heat Measurements; decrease; increase

Front 89

The theory that the continents move in relation to one another

Back 89

Plate movement (Continental Drift)

Front 90

What is the relationship of the palagic sediment?

Back 90

Pelagic sediment thickens away from the ridge

Front 91

Pacific Plate & North American plate

Back 91

San Andreas Fault

Front 92

- Plates move toward one another marked by (silicic) volcanism and high intensity seismic activity
- Forms Continental crust which is less dense than oceanic crust
- Explosive Volcanism due to high Viscosity Magma
- “Ring of Fire”

Back 92

Convergent plate boundaries

Front 93

- Subduction
- Volcanism
- EQs
- Formation of Island Arcs
- Ex. Japan, Philippines, Indonesia

Back 93

Oceanic Plate to Oceanic Plate

Front 94

- Subduction
- Volcanism
- EQs
- Ex., Cascades (Mt. St. Helens - Juan de Fuca & North American plate), Andes Mtns - S. Amercian & Nazca plate

Back 94

Oceanic Plate to Continental Plate

Front 95

- No Subduction
- No Volcanism
- Earthquakes
- Ex. Himalayas

Back 95

Continental Plate to Continental Plate

Front 96

- Formation of Contiental crust via Continental ______

Back 96

Accretion

Front 97

Series of Protocontinental Slabs (island arcs) that welded onto the N. American Continent

Back 97

Accreted Terranes

Front 98

What mechanisms for plate tectonics?

Back 98

Push, pull due to convection cells

Front 99

Convection cells within the Asthenosphere create a Ridge push and Slab pull

Back 99

Driving mechanisms for plate tectonics

Front 100

- Hotspots are due to relatively small convection cells that fracture the crust and cause Mafic (basaltic) eruptions (No divergence)

Back 100

Intraplate Hotspots

Front 101

- Hotspot remains ______
- The oceanic crust _____ across hotspot causing additional Islands to form

Back 101

Hotspot & Island Chains; stationary; migrates

Front 102

- Note: Oldest Island
- Note: Active and Extinct Volcanoes
- Note: Direction of Plate movement. (Series of active is moving southeast then plate is moving Northwest)

Back 102

Hawaiian Island Chain

Front 103

Example of interplate hotspot system

Back 103

Yellowstone Cauldera

Front 104

Fossil Fuels: Oil, Natural gas, and coal
- 85% of our energy needs
(#1 source of energy)

Back 104

Nonrenewable Resources

Front 105

- US consumption leveled off in the late 70’s and early 80’s
- US oil production is declining
- Imported oil is increasing

Back 105

Consumption-Production Cycle

Front 106

- Solar Energy
- Hydroelectric Power
- Wind energy
- Geothermal Energy
- Tidal Energy

Back 106

Renewable Resources

Front 107

- Exponentially Increased in the Last Century
- Somewhat leveling off in last decade
- Current Population approximately 6 Billion

Back 107

Human Population

Front 108

Current is parallel to the shoreline

Back 108

Longshore drift

Front 109

Coral reefs are located at the Distribution _____ 30 degrees N and 30 degrees South Latitude

Back 109

Between; Distribution of Coral reefs

Front 110

1989 World Series earthquake happened where?

Back 110

San Francisco

Front 111

Liqiufaction earthquake was in ______

Back 111

Mexico City

Front 112

3-D showing _____ nature of Mid-Atlantic ocean

Back 112

Complex

Front 113

Navaho Sandstone Zion National Park is an example of...

Back 113

Cross bedding

Front 114

What kind of tips point upwind on coastlines...

Back 114

Parabolic

Front 115

On irregular (immature) shore lines, the energy of a wave is...

Back 115

Concentrated mostly on the headlands by wave refraction

Front 116

Longshore drift moves water and sediment...

Back 116

Along the beach in a zigzag path

Front 117

In general, we can expect that on an irregular coastline...

Back 117

Headlands will be eroded and bays will be the sites of deposition

Front 118

In general, the dominant EROSIONAL landforms in desert regions are developed by...

Back 118

Running water

Front 119

Sediment on the ocean floor...

Back 119

Is thickest toward the subduction zone and thin or absent on the ridges