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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the outer surface of the ovary covered by in fetal life
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germinal epithelium derived from the epithelium of the germinal ridges
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grnulosa cell origins
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ovum collects a layer of spindle cells from stroma and causes them to take on epitheliod characteristics - granulosa cells
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ovum surrounded by a single layer of grnulosa cells
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primordial follicle
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stage at which ovum can be fertilized
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primary oocyte
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how many primordial follicles dvlp enough to expel their ova throughout reproductive years (13-46)
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400-500, remaining degenerate
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GnRH release
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increases/decreases much less dramatically during monthly cycle; short pulses averaging once every 90 minutes
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duration of female monthly cycle
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~28 days (20-45)
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FSH and LH receptors cause what when activated
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cAMP activation causing formation of protein kinase and multiple phosphorylations of key enzymes that stimulate sex hormone synthesis
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what is each ovum surrounded by when a female child is born
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single layer of granulosa cells
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what are the suspected fxns of the granulosa cells
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provide nourishment and secrete oocyte maturation-inhibiting factor to keep in primordial state
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what stage of meisis is the primordial follicle in
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prphase of meiosis I
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how many primary follicles have accelerated growth each month
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6 to 12
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FSH and LH concentrations at the beginning of the monthly cycle
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FSH slightly greater and precedesLH by a few days
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theca
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spindle cell proliferation derived from ovary interstitium collect in several layers around the granulosa cells
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theca interna characteristics
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epithelioid similar to granulosa cells and dvlp ability to secrete additional steroid sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
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theca externa characteristics
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highly vascular CT capsule that becomes the capsule of the develpoing follicle
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what occurs after early proliferation of follicles
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granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid containing a high concentration of estrogen causing antrum to appear within the mass of granulosa cells
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what is the early growth of the primary follicle up to the antral stage stimulated by
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mainly FSH alone
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accelerated growth leading to vesicular follicles is stimulated by
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1) estrogen secreted into follicles causing granulosa cells to form increasing FSH receptors 2) pituitary FSH and eastogens combine to promote LH receptors on original granulosa cells 3) increasing estrogens from follicel plus LH from anterior pituitary act together to cause proliferation
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atresia
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developing follicles that involute; unknown cause
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suspected cause of atresia
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large amounts of estrogen from the most rapidly growing follicle act on hypothalamus to depress further enhancement of FSH secretion from anterior pituitary; largest follicle continues to grow due to intrinsic positive feedback loops
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how large is a follicle at the time of ovulation
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1-1.5 cm
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stigma
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protruding outer wall just before ovulation in the center of the follicular capsule
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what is required for final follicular growth and ovulation
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LH
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what effect does LH have on granulosa and theca cells
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convert them to progesterone-secreting cells; causes estrogen to decrease ~1 day before ovulation and increase progesterone
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What is required for ovulation
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rapid growth of follicle, diminishing estrogen secretion, initiation of progesteone secretion
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what occurs when LH causes rapid secretion of follicular steroid hormones that contain progesterone
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theca externa begins to release proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes; rapid growing of new blood vessels into the follicle wall, prostaglandins secreted into follicular tissues
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what do remaining granulosa and theca cells change rapidly into after ovulation
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lutein cells
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luteinization
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granulosa/theca cells enlarge in diameter 2+ times and become filled with lipid inclusions that give yellowish appearance
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wht do granulosa cells in the corpus luteum dvlp
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extensive intracellular smooth ER that form large amounts of progesterone and estrogen
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what do theca cells produce once incorporated into corpus luteum
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androgens - androstenedione and testosterone (most converted into female hormones by granulosa cells)
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when does the corpus luteum involute and form the corpus albicans
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~12 days after ovulation; replaced by CT and over months is absorbed
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what is the change of granulosa and theca cells into lutein cells dependent on
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mainly LH from anterior pituitary (luteinizing = yellowing)
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what holds the luteinization process in check until after ovulation
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luteinization-inhibiting factor
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what causes low levels of FSH and LH to be maintained
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estrogen and more so progesterone have strong feedback on anterior pituitary
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what secretes inhibin
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lutein cells - inhibits secretion of anterior pituitary, especially FSH secretion
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what causes FSH and LH seretion to begin again
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cessation of estrogen and progesterone production and inhibin by corpus luteum
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two types of ovarian sex hormones
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estrogens and progestins (most important are estradiol and progesterone)
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main fxn of estrogens
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proliferation and growth and dvlp secondary sex characteristics
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main progestin fxn
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prepare uterus for pregnancy and breasts for lactation
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3 estrogens present in significant quantities of plasma in human female
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B-estradiol, estrone, and estriol
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prinicpal estrogen secreted by ovaries
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B-estradiol
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where is estrone secreted
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small amount from ovaries, most in peripheral tissues from androgens secreted by adrenal cortices and ovarian thecal cells
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potencies of estrogens
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B-estradiol is 12 times more potent than estrone and 80 times more potent than estriol
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estriol production
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mostly produced from estrone and B-estradiol in the liver
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when is progesterone secreted in nonpregnant females
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only during the later half of each ovarian cycle by the corpus luteum
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why isn't progesterone and testosterone produced during the follicular phase secreted
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converted to estrogens by granulosa cells; progesterone production becomes too great for granulosa cells to keep up with conversion in luteal phase
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what occurs with diminished liver fxn and estrogen
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increases activity and sometimes causes hyperestrinism
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liver breakdown of estrogens
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1/5 conjugated and excreted into bile; rest secreted in urine; converts potent estrogens into estrone
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major end product of progesterone degradation
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pregnanediol - 10% progesterone excreted into urine in this form
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estrogens on vaginal epithelium from childhood to adulthood
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cuboidal to stratified type
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estrogen on fallopian tubes
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glandular tissues proliferate and cause number of ciliated cells to increase, activity of the cilia increases
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estrogens on breast dvlp
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1)dvlp stromal tissues 2) growth of extensive ductile system 3) deposition of fat in breasts
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what causes ultimate growth of lobules and alveoli of breasts
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progesterone, prolactin (little estrogen)
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estrogen on skeleton
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inhibit osteoclastic activity, uniting of epiphyses (causes ceasing of female growth earlier than males)
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estrogen deficiency in bones of old age
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increased osteoclastic activity, decreased bone matrix, decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
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estrogens on protein deposition
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slight increase due to growth promoting effects on sexual organs, bones, and few other tissues
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testosterone on protein deposition
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much more general and powerful than estrogen
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what is responsible for pubic and axillary hair growth
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androgens from adrenal glands after puberty
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estrogen and skin
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soft/smooth, increased vasculature, thicker
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estrogen and electrolytes
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may have aldosterone-like effects, but not noticable except perhaps pregnancy
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progesterone most important fxn
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promote secretory changes in the uterine endometrium during latter half of monthly cycle
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progesterone other uterine effects
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decrease frequency and intensity of contractions - prevent expulsion of implanted ovum
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progesterone on fallopian tubes
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promotes increased secretion by mucosal lining
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progesterone on breasts
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promotes lobule and alveoli dvlpmnt and alveolar cell proliferation, enlargement, and to become secretory in nature
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proliferative stage of endometrium
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b4 ovulation; under estrogen influence stromal and epithelial cells proliferate rapidly
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how long does it take for the endometrium to be re-epithelialized
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within 4-7 days after beginning of menstruation
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how thick is the endometrium at the time of ovulation
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3-5 mm thick
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what do the endometrial glands secrete
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thin, stringy mucus
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secretory phase
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progesterone causes marked swelling and secretory dvlp of the endometrium
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cytoplasm of stromal cells during secretory phase
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increases with lipid and glycogen deposits
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endometrium thickness at peak of secretory phase 1 week after ovulation
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5-6 mm
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what causes menstruation
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vasospasm, decreased nutrients to endometrium, and loss of hormonal stimulation
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how much blood and fluids are lost during menstruation
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40 mL blood and 35 mL serous fluid are lost
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how is mentrual fluid non-clotting
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fibrinolysin released along with necreotic endometrial material
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how is the endometrium protected against infection during menstruation
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leukocyte outflow
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what occurs when GnRH is infused continuously
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losses its ability to cause release of LH and FSH
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what causes pulsitile release of GnRH
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mediobasal hypothalamus especially in arcuate nucleus
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estrogen and progesterone on FSH and LH inhibition
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estrogen inhibits and progesterone amplifies estrogen effects; progesterone has little effect on its own
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how does estrogen inhibit FSH and LH
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directly in anterior pituitary and by inhibiting release of GnRH
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when is inhibins effect on FSH most important
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decrease secretion of FSH and LH at the end of the monthly cycle
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when is LH secretion greatly increased
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1-2 days before ovulation
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how is the cycle altered if LH surge is not sufficient to cause ovulation
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failure of corpus luteum dvlp; cycle is shortened by several days, but rhythm continues
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onset of puberty and menstruation in girls
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11-16 years old (average 13)
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what is believed to initiate puberty
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limbic system; not hypothalamus - capable of secreted GnRH at much younger age
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menopause
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period during which the cycle ceases and female sex hormones diminish to almost none
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female eunuchism
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secondary sex characteristics do not appear and sexual organs remain infantile; ovaries may be absent before birth or nonfunctional b4 puberty
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amenorrhea
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menstrual cycle completely ceases
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what are prolonged cycles associated with
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failure to ovulate
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cause of excess estrogen
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feminizing tumor; first sign is generally irregular bleeding of uterine endometrium; usually after menopause
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how do sexual sensory signals travel
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sacral segments of the spinal cord via pudendal nerve and sacral plexus
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erectile tissue is controled by
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parasympathetics that pass through the nervi erigentes from the sacral plexus
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bartholin gland location
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beneaath labia minora, stimulated via parasympathetics
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length of female fertility each month
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4-5 days
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time btwn ovulation and mestruation
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almost always 13-15 days
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what prevents ovulation and allows almost normal cycles
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19-norsteroids along with small amounts of estrogens
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why are synthetics of estrogen and progesterone used in contraceptives
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native hormones are broken down too quickly by the liver
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common synthetic estrogens
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ethynyl estradiol and mestranol
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common synthetic progestins
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norethindrone, norethynodrel, ethynodiol, norgestrel
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how is anovulation tested for
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progesterone levels in later half of cycle - increase does not occur if no ovulation
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salpingitis
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inflammation of the fallopian tubes
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