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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
where are Brunner's glands?
duodenum
how do autonomics affect secretion?
parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion

sympathetics alone also increase stimulation, but if parasympathetic or hormonal stimulation is already causing copious secretion, sympathetics reduce the secretion b/c of vasoconstrictive reduction of blood supply
what must happen before secretory vesicles fuse with the apical cell membrane (eventually leading to exocytosis)?
nervous or hormonal control signals increase the cell membrane permeability to calcium ions
enzyme found in saliva used for digesting starches
ptyalin (α-amylase)
parotid glands secrete what kind of secretion
serous
submandibular and sublingual glands secrete
both serous and mucus
buccal glands secrete
mucus
found in saliva that destroy bacteria
thiocyanate ions and lysozyme

protein antibodies that can destroy oral bacteria
what is the function of kallikrein
kallikrein is secreted by activated salivary cells

it splits an α2-globulin to form bradykinin, a strong vasodilator
types of glands found in stomach mucosa
tubular glands:

oxyntic (gastric) secrete HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus

pyloric glands secrete mainly mucus and gastrin (enteroendocrine cells)
what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
how is pepsin formed?
when pepsinogen comes in contact with HCl
where is vitamin B12 absorbed and what is required?
intrinsic factor is required for B12 absorption, which occurs in the ileum
what types of cells secrete intrinsic factor
parietal
what is likely to occur in chronic gastritis
achlorhydria and pernicious anemia b/c the parietal cells are destroyed
which cells secrete gastrin
pyloric
what do the ECL cells secrete?
histamine
most potent mechanism for stimulating histamine secretion
gastrin
where is gastrin produced?
antral portion of the stomach mucosa in response to proteins in the foods being digested
function of histamine
stimulate gastric HCl secretion
which hormone is important for control of pancreatic secretion?
this hormone also opposes stomach secretion
secretin
pancreatic juice is secreted most abundantly in response to
the presence of chyme in the upper portion of the small intestine
secretes insulin directly into the blood
islets of Langerhans
what is the function of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypolypeptidase
trypsin and chymotrypsin split who and partially digested proteins into peptides

carboxypolypeptidase splits peptides into individual amino acids
how is trypsin formed?
trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase or it can be autocatalytically activated by trypsin
what activates chymotrypsinogen
trypsin
stimulate the acinar cells causing production of large quantities of pancreatic digestive enzymes
ACh and cholecystokinin
stimulates secretion of large quantities of water solution of sodium bicarbonate by the pancreatic ductal epithelium
secretin
increases secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
cholecystokinin
most potent stimulus for causing gallbladder contractions
cholecystokinin
stimulus for cholecystokinin entry into the blood
presence of fatty foods in the duodenum
most of the bile salts are reabsorbed into the blood from the
small intestine
main function of Brunner's glands
secrete mucus to protect the duodenal wall from digestion
primary function of the small intestine
absorb nutrients and their digestive products into the blood
most important means for regulating small intestine secretion
local enteric nervous reflexes
what's the difference b/w the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small and large intestine
the crypts in the large intestine do not have villi