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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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endothermic homeoderm
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generate internal body heat
work maintain constant core temp mammals |
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exothermic heteroderm
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rely on external heat source
body temp depends on env temp |
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absorptive state
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after eating-processing
sugars circulate to liver, stored as glycogen glucose --glycogen triglycerides stored in fat cells proteins --amino acids |
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amino acids (during absorptive state)
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growth/maintenance
build muscle |
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post-absorptive state
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fasting
energy mobilized glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis shift to lipid metabolism-lipolysis -lipid metabolism--ketone bodies |
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glucose
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primary fuel for brain
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glcogenolysis
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metabolized glucose--blood
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gluconeogenesis
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forming new sugar molecs from carb molecs
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lipolysis
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stored triglycerides
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ketone bodies
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acetone
beto-hydroxybutyric acid acetoacetic acid |
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metabolism
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absorptive state after meal
sugars go up pancreas stimulated secretes GLUT proteins |
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insulin
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stimulates glucose intake and use by cells
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GLUT proteins
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target cells, intake glucose when stimulated by insulin
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glucagon
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stimulates glycogenolysis
postabsorptive state-glucose down pancreas secretes when glucose level low |
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calorie
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unit heat energy
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bmr
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basel metabolic rate
energy expenditure in diff species all involuntary functions |
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endotherms
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produce body's heat
use SMR measured by direct/indirect calorimetry |
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ectoderms
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heat comes from external heat
measured by direct/indirect calorimetry |
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SMR
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standard metabolic rate
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torpor
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daily timeout in animals
conserves energy |
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hibernation
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seasonal timeout in animals
conserves energy |
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temperature in animals
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affects chem reactions, protein function, membrane dynamics
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Q10
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any temp T compared to 10 deg. cooler
2-3 most animals works best |
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types heat exchange
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radiation
conduction convection evaporation |
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thermoneutral zone
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in graph of env temp/metabolic rate
changes in blood flow to body surface enough maintain temp |
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energy budget
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heat in=heat out
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physiological responses
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altered blood flow to surface
countercurrent heat exchange shivering/non thermogenesis evaporative heat loss fluffing |
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behavioral responses to assist in thermoregulation
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migration
burrowing huddling |
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circulatory system
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organization of tubes in body
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open circulatory system
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blood/interstitial fluid same
vessels open ends soft circulation insects/arthropods fluid pushed by pos pressure by heart, body movement |
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closed circulatory system
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blood confined to vessels
two main vessels-ventral/dorsal earthworm |
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ostia
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opening of vein
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hemolymph
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fluid circulating is in/out circ sys
blood/ext fluid |
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cardiovascular system
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vertebrates
heart arteries capillaries veins single vs double circulation |
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single circulation
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fish, two chambered hearts
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double circulation
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more oxygen needed in cells
separate pulmonary, systemic circuits frogs/reptiles three chambers birds/mammals four chambers |
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systole
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period of heart muscle contraction
.3 sec |
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diastole
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period of heart muscle relaxation
just after systole .5 sec |
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cardiac output
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amount fluid pumped per min
CO=heart rate*stroke vol |
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myogenic control
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cardiac fibers contract automatically
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pacemakers
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drives electrical activity
during myogenic control |
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major vessel architecture
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endothelium
smooth muscle connective tissue |
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endothelium
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most inside of vessel wall
simple squamous epithelium forms valve flaps in veins |
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smooth muscle
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middle layer of vessel wall
stretches thicker around arteries more blood press |
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connective tissue
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outer layer vessel wall
elastic fibers |
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capillaries
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simple squamous walls
fenestrated connections in walls leak linear array endothelial cells |
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microcirculation
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circulatory-vascular system
fluid pushed out arterial end-hydrostatic press fluid pulled in venons osmotic press extra fluid taken into lymph capillaries |
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blood pressure
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fluid pressure against vessel wall
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pressure gradient
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pushes blood
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systolic pressure
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peak pressure of ventricle contraction
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diastolic pressure
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resting press during ventricle relaxation
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blood
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specialized connective tissue
plasma |
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plasma
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whole blood w/o cells
90% water dissolved salts plasma proteins |
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plasma proteins
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albumin-buffering, osmo balancing
clotting proteins-activated tissue damage immunoglobulins-antibodies |
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells
hemoglobin CO2 processing |
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hemoglobin
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makes red blood cells
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respiratory media
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air/water
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respiratory surface
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specialized epithelium-very thin, simple squamous, gases diffuse
moist olny diffused gases diffuse |
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skin breathers
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small flat worms
thru skin |
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gills
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evagination of surface (outfolding)
ram pumping opercula lamellae countercurrent flow |
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countercurrent flow
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water/blood two sides of respiratory epithelium
flow opp directions side by side more oxygen uptake |
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internal gas exchange systems
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tracheae-insects
lungs invaginate prevent water loss |
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human ventilation
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controlled by brain stem
conical override-involuntary, tidal ventilation |
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osmosis
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movement of water from high H2O concentration--low
driven by thermal energy(molec movement) osmotic pressure-concentration of particles |
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hyperosmotic
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lower concentration H2O
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hypo-osmotic
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higher concentration H2O
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hypertonic
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cell shrinks
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hypotonic
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cell swells
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isosmotic
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if particle concentrations match
osmotic press=0 |
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isotonic
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cell stays same size
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osmoconformers
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remain isosmotic with fluid env
most marine invertebrates |
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osmoregulators
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work maintain constant saltiness of int fluid
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marine fish
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compensate-constant water loss across gills
low salt inside drinks large vol seawater small vol isosmotic urine |
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fresh water fish
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compensate-constant water gain
high salt inside don't drink water large vol hypo-osmotic urine |
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transport epithelium
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required for osmoregulation
pump salts single sheet cells flame cell sys-flatworms malpighian tubules-insects kidneys-vertebrates |
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three functions of excretory system
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filtration
modification of content excretion/secretion |
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renal processes
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as blood pushed through nephron
filtration secretion reabsorption supported by countercurrent flow, salt+urea gradients |
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kidneys
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human renal system
nephron osmoregulation clear nitrogenous waste |
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hormones
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regulate salt/water balance
chem signal carried in blood long/short dist |
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osmoregulation
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water, salt balance
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nervous system
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electrochemical (neurons)
wired comm |
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endocrine system
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chemical
wireless comm |
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steroids
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family of hormones
lipid sol 4-ring synth from cholesterol nonpolar |
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amino acid derivs
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family of hormones
water soluble |
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peptides/proteins
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family of hormones
water sol pap smaller pro larger polar |
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direct signal transduction
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ion gate receptor
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indirect signal transduction
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receptor separate molecule
second messengers cyclic AMP, lipid metabolites GPCRs |
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neuroendocrinology
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phy health affects mental health, vice versa
study between brain, NS, hormone funct |
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thyroid hormones
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t3
t4 |
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gametogenesis
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production egg/sperm by meiosis
haploid |
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spermatogenesis
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mitosis in semieferous tubules--diploid spermatocytes
meiosis--4 sperm |
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oogenesis
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one meiotic division-follicular stage
sec div-fertilization polar bodies |
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egg layers
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follicle cell layer-corona radiata
glycoprotein coat-zona pellucida-inside |
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acrosome reaction
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enzymes by head of sperm-activates
specific binding of sperm to egg |
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cleavage
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driven by maternal factors
rapid cell division w/o cytoplasmic growth creates morula |
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blastomere
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pump sodium ions into intercell spaces
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blastocyst
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contains inner cell mass, trophoblast
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meroblastic cleavage
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incomplete
birds/fish |
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holoblastic cleavage
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complete division--two blastomeres same size
amphibians/mammals |
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morphogens
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concentration-dependent chem signals
responses: cell division migration differentiation apoptosis |
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apoptosis
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sculpt body
cell death form structures ex webbing removal |
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gastrulation
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leads to three germ layers
all vertebrates invagination/involution archenteron-cavity blastopore-anus |
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notochord
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thickening in dorsal side of gastrula
derived from mesoderm |
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neuralation
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multistep process--brain/spinal chord
neural tube neural crest |
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segmentation
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organizes regions of body
repeating units-somites |
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organogenesis
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shaping of organs
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autonomous specification
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uneven distribution of cytoplasmic factors to daughter cells
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conditional specification
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external cell-cell signaling
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homeotic genes
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specify fate of segmentation/region
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immune system
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integrated system to protect against pathogens
spleen, thymus... |
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nonspecific defenses
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barriers to entry
phagocytic inflammatory response |
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phagocyte
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white blood cells
eat cells(garbage collectors) macrophages-immune tissues monocytes-immune blood |
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mast cells
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release histamine
increase blood flow swelling--healing |
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specific immune response
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imm sys
monocyte/macrohages lymphocytes recognize self/non |
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b lymph
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divide--plasma cells antiBodies
help |
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t lymph
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tough guys
attack/destroy invader |
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Th
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helper T cells
activate B cells interlukins |
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Tc
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cytotoxic T cells
attack nonself MHC |
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MHC
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marker on "nonself"
antigen |
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humoral imm resp
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antibody mediated
clonal selection theory |
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cellular imm response
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cytotoxic response
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secondary imm resp
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lasting immunity
immunological memory-faster/stronger antigen exposure |
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S1
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closing AV valves
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S2
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opening AV valves
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hormone transduction mechanisms
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release intracellular calcium
production cAMP activation of G protein |
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LH
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pituitary hormone
gonadotropin reprod function surge releases egg |
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FSH
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pituitary hormone
gonadotropin reprod function |
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MSH
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...
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somites
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form along anterior-posterior axis
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non-specific barriers to pathogens
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acidic secretions on skin
mucus saliva acid in stomach |
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vaccines
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weak/killed antigens
condition memory cells respond quickly |
