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31 Cards in this Set
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- Schistosoma japanicum- veins of small intestine. (you are going to find these eggs in the feces )Terminal spine in eggs is sometimes barely visible
+ China, SE Asia 15 million people - Schistosoma haematobium- urinary bladder veins. (Find eggs in the urine) Eggs have a terminal spine + Africa, Middle East - Schistosoma mansoni- portal veins that drain large intestine. Eggs have a lateral spine. (another important to dignose is of the egg. one of the S. japanicum have spine. it is spinal ) + Africa, S. America, Caribbean + 50% of some local populations + 10% of some local populations is infected |
Schistosoma spp. (Bilharzia)- Superfamily Schistosomatoidea
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- S. intercalatum- have a terminal spine but are lodged in intestinal venules- a parasite mainly of cattle
+ Central Afria (Least important. small region of south Afria there is S. intercalatum found. it should be haematobium however, bc they live in intestinal tract they are different ) - S. mekongi- recently determined to be different from S. japonicum + restricted to portion of Vietnam (it looks very similar to japanicum) |
Other human Schistosome (Superfamily Schistosomatoidea)
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- Adults live in veins of their definitive hosts (They all live in vein including small intestinal, large intestial or urinary tract)
- Flukes exception- separate sexes compensated by permanent in copula (Male and female morphologically distinct, female are much more slender and male have a space called gynecophoral and the female fits in the space. Once they develop into audit they fit in together and they live together) - Males have gynecophoral canal where female reside - have strong oral sucker - Intestinal ceca fuse at midpoint of the worm then continue as a single gut to posterior - Schistosome eggs lack opercula - Single intermediate host- freshwater snails - No redial stage! - Cercariae penetrate intact skin (some of them are longer and japanicum is largest. Additional difference other than a size. Most of the size is going to be one thing and the place of adults are other things) - Other flukes infected stage are vegetation where as schistosoma |
Schistosoma Spp. (Superfamily Schistosomatoidea)
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eggs have to get out and go into intestinal tract or urinary tract wherever the adults are. and most of the case .
Eggs cannot reach the cite Major pathology: Eggs Host responds to the eggs is the important part Eggs go into environment and hatch (Miracidium free living stage) and it penetrate into intermediate host which is a snail and miracidium transform into sporocyst but there is no radial stage and there is no life cycle in Schistosome and Cercaria have ability to go direct to the host. Sporocyst leave the host and swim as cercariae and penetrate the skin. |
Schistosoma spp cycle
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important. lose their tail when they penetrates.
Cercariae that emerged from snails have these characteristics that the tail is bi Cercaria is free swimming in water and they can actively penetrate from the skin. Once it gets into the cite and lose their tail. Host in the cell loses a tail and its called Schistosomeio Once they get inside the host they go into rightside of the pulmonary vienual and come back to the heart and distribute. - Adult and young worm migrate into the liver and in the liver male and female mature and get together. Once they get into site lay egg and eggs have to travel. They make it out by urine or feces, - Snail host is very important - if side infection happens to co-infection to the area. |
Schistosome Life cycle (Superfamily Schistosomatoidea)
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- Timing
+ Cercariae enter thru skin, lose tail and shed surface coat and become schistosomule + Move into capillary beds, feeds on RBCs + Grow rapidly in lungs (10-14 days) + Move through the heart then pulmonary then back to heart pulmonary vien to heart then through hepatic portal veins to liver where they mature sexually and couple (3 wks ) + The couple ten migrate against blood flow to peritoneal viens of intestines and urinary bladder + Perpatent period is 5-12 weeks + Host cytokines (TNF) might stimulate egg production (Adult stages are in the liver- this parasie live constantly in blood, Allow host protein to devastate. Evidence that genome produce CD 59 like molecule- an inhibitor of terminal; different strategies that we are not affected so we do not have our immune disease, they can live for years. ) - Flukes appear to incorporate host proteins into glycocalyx in the schistosomule stage; able to hide (erthrocyte glycoproteins, MHC molecules) |
Schistosoma spp
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major issues the eggs in the body, These things once they get into host they can live for long time. only few adults are present in the host. but they continue to produce the eggs
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Schistosoma spp.
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Sh: Bulinus truncatus (5mm), Bulinus africanus (10mm)
Sinter: Bulinus forskalii Sm: Biomphalaria pfeifferi (5mm), Biomphalaria alexana (10mm) Sj: Oncomelania hupensis (1mm) Smek: neotricula aperta |
Intermediate host (Schistosoma spp - Superfamily Schistosomatoidea)
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- Symptoms
+ initial localized dermatitis from pentrationof cercariae + Local edema at 4 days - Migration phase: 14- 84 days Katayama syndrome + Fever, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, respiratory symptoms + Pulmonary congestion + Lungs to liver (increase in reactivity of bladder and affects the bladder) + Hepatic portal veins to mesenteric veins of intestine and urinary bladder (Bladder cancer if the eggs goes into the bladder the birds develop into ) |
Schistosoma spp. - Superfamily Schistosomatoidea
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- Intermediate phase 2 months to several yrs
+ blood in feces (Sm and Sj) + Hematuria (Sh) + Eggs passing through walls of intestines and urinary bladder (blood in urine and feces ) |
Schistosoma spp- Superfamily Schistosomatoidea
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- Chronic Phase (Eggs are the primary cause/ target/ pathology of the infection- eggs constantly shed antigens )
+ Severe intestinal, renal, hepatic pathology caused by host response to migrating eggs. Eggs are primary cause of pathology + Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly + Granulomas around single egg or clusters of eggs may occlude vessels leading to necrosis. Granulomas are the result of the host response. (found Granulomas found in different places ) + S. hematobium associated with bladder cancer. (eggs are metabolically active ) |
Schistosoma spp- Superfamily Schistosomatoidea
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Child with schistosome ascites, Schistosome hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
- abdominal become fluid filled and releasing alot of antigens in egg and large livers and large spleens are characteristics. they get seviarlly malnurash children |
Schistosoma spp- Superfamily Schistosomatoidea
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- Male max 15mm and female max 20 mm, males are heavier bodied, w/ gynocophoric canal. (slight differences in presentation of intestinal suckers and snails are infected with this infections )
- 30 eggs/ day, laid singly. - Several species of 3 genera of snails are intermediate hosts. - Adults live in vessels of the urinary bladder - Reservoirs DHs - sheep, pigs and some monkeys. (All around the urinary bladder, eggs are in the bladder and the urinary track. Bloody urinary geographically and the eggs can be differently diagnose. Hyperactivity and bladder cancer. If effects young adults and early teens.) |
Schistosoma haematobium (Superfamily Schistosomatoidea)
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somewhere around young adults to 18-20
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Host age vs. S. Haematobium Tanzania
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typical acids for urine
blood in the urine. |
S. Haematobium urine color
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terminal spine in urine.
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S. haematobium egg in urine
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- Male max 10 mm and female max 14 mm (numbers of eggs are high)
- Males have tuberculations - 190-300 eggs laid per day, singly - Many species of 2 genera, mainly Biophalaria are the intermediate host (only intermediate host is the Biophalaria) - Reservior DHs- cattle, sheep, dogs rats some primates and other wildlife (if they use same water supplies they can release the eggs) |
Schistosoma mansoni (Superfamily Schisosomatoidea)
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Only major Schistosome that is found in America.
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Schistosoma spp distribution (Superfamily Schisotomatoidea)
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male and female
for diagnosis you have bloody feces or bloody urine in different species |
S. mansoni in copula
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5- 25 age ranges.
They spend more time outside in the water area. More active and go to fresh water - High prevalence Y axis is the main account g of species Density is determined by eggs |
Host age and sex vs S. mansoni Kenya
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- adult male and female finally meet up in the liver. it is with in these venuals that the adults sits. Once eggs are release they can go anywhere and there is nothing clear in the intestinal tract.
At somepoint these eggs are getting released. There is a host response and they get blocked. They get less and less straight forward. Thats how you get blood in the urine. over time eggs can block the intestinal track. |
S. Mansoni gut polyps
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Liver get host response to liver and host response to the spleen
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S. mansoni eggs in liver
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- lateral spine and hematobious have terminal spine where as mansoni has lateral spine.
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S. mansoni eggs in gut biopsy
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- Males max 20 mm and females max 26 mm (so much greater than previous 2, have important reservoir)
- 3500 eggs laid daily, laid in clusters. - Snails of the genus Oncomelania are the intermediate hosts (Pass through out of the feces) - Mals lack tuberculations (closer to small intestine and eggs goes into the intestinal track. greater tendency to go into brain and other tissues and have higher numbers of individuals extended liver and spleen. release whole lot of eggs. eggs are highly metabolically active. ) - Males lack tuberculations - Reservoir DHs- cattle, dogs, pigs, wild rodents, macaques and a variety of wildlife |
S. japonicum (Subfamily Schisotomatoidea)
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- Diagnostics
+ Characteristic eggs in feces/urine and tissue biopsies (japanicome and mansoni doesnt over lap) + Chronic cases few eggs are passed bc eggs cannot get out of host, thus need biopsies + Immunologic tests need confirmation of eggs (terminal spine) |
Schistosoma spp (Subfamily Schisotomatoidea)
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blood lost, these parasites have few parasite indie of you. Few blood lost blood lost and protein lost leads into malnutirshment.
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Disability origins- Schistosomiasis (Subfamily Schisotomatoidea)
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- Praziquantel drug of choice
- WHO program + Pop based chemotheraphy + Molluscide + Biological control- snail eaters + Education of people (It works well in population based in chemotheraphy and programs that goes into mass- Molluscide to kill snail) |
Schistosoma Treatment and control
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Limit source of infection such as contaminated water
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Treatment of school children S. mansoni Egypt
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- Movements of people from rural to urban areas are moving these parasites into peri-urban areas
- Japan, Lebanon, Montserrat and Tunisia apparently have eliminated schistosomiasis, so there is hope. (education) |
Schistosoma Treatment and control
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- Immunogens released by eggs- macromolecules- may aid in migration.
- Flukes appear to incorporate host proteins into glycocalyx in the schistosomule stage; able to hide. - Cercarial and schistosomule surface antigens different (from the article and how it hides from the immune system and changes antigens ) |
Schistosoma Immunity
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- Cercariae of mainly avian schistosomes are released into fresh water lakes and sea shores and when people swim or wade, their skin is penetrated. (rash= pentie lines or swimmers line or all over the body it could be schistosome of other worms)
- Cercariae are not able to enter blood vessels and mature - Cercariae are killed by the host immune system, reaction stronger after the first challenge - killed cercariae cause pruritus (avian doesnt develop in the blood ) - Limited infection and massive host response - Spots are reactive for parasites entry |
Swimmers Itch
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