Phycology Lab 1

Front 1

What is the defining characteristic of algae?

Back 1

-aquatic organisms that use photosynthesis to produce oxygen
-lack any multicellular protection of their reproductive structure (gametangia and sporangia)

Front 2

What Kingdoms will you find algal phyla?

Back 2

-Eubacteria
-Biliphyta
-Plantae
-Chromista
-Protista

Front 3

What 2 main characteristics differ cyanobacteria from other bacteria?

Back 3

1)cyanobacteria never possess a flagellum

2)cyanobacteria produce oxygen as a bi-product of photosynthesis

Front 4

What are thylakoids?

Back 4

-flattened membranous vesicles on which photosynthetic pigments are located

Front 5

What are PHYCOBILISOMES?

Back 5

-pigments on the surface of thylakoids(present as granules)

3 major types:
-chlorophyll a (green)
-phycocyanin (blue)
-phycoerythrin (red)

Front 6

What are PHYCOBILINS?

Back 6

-AKA PHYCOPROTEINS
-pigments that are joined to protein molecules
-eg: phycocyanin and phycoerythrin
-water soluble
-allows them to act as nitrogen reserves

Front 7

What are the 2 lines of developement for cyanobacteria?

Back 7

1)Colonial

2)Filamentous

Front 8

What is a FILAMENT?

Back 8

-the combination of trichome and the enveloping sheath in the blue-green algae

Front 9

What is a TRICHOME?

Back 9

-the chain of cells alone

Front 10

What is a HETEROCYST?

Back 10

-thick walled cell found at the end or in the middle of filaments
-functions to fix nitrogen in a useable form
**Only filamentous forms possess heterocysts and only these forms are normally able to fix nitrogen**

Front 11

What are AKINETES?

Back 11

-vegetative cells modified to function as spores
-usually grows near heterocysts
-akinete formation may be induced by the high nitrogen concentration in vegetative cells adjacent to heterocysts
**Appear more granular then Heterocysts when observed under a microscope**

Front 12

What type of movement do Oscillatoria and Spirulina exhibit?

Back 12

-gliding movemtents
-excretion of mucilage along helical protein fibrils on the cell wall surface is now believed to be the cause of gliding movements

Front 13

Why do the trichomesof Rivularia taper from one end?

Back 13

-growth form is thought to be associated with the nitrogen fixing properties of the heterocyst
-smaller cells are produced further away from the nitrogen source

Front 14

Whats the difference between false branching and true branching?

Back 14

-false branching is caused by the breakage of the trichome with one or both of the resulting free ends resuming growth and being held together by the sheath of the filament
-eg: tolypothrix

-true branching occurs when cells of the trichome divide longitudinally
-eg:Fischerella

Front 15

What are the reproduction methods in Cyanobacteria?

Back 15

-simple cell division in colonial cyanobacteria

-akinetes or framentation in filimental cyanobacteria

Front 16

What is a HORMOGONIUM?

Back 16

-the small section of filament enclosed by seperation discs
-when released, these homorgonia are motile and are capable of very rapid cell division to form full sixed trichomes
-they may also act as resting stages in unfavourable conditions
-Eg:Oscillatoria

Front 17

Where is cyanobacteria commonly found?

Back 17

-freshwater
-marine
-soil surface
-hot springs
-ice
-form symbiotic associations with both heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms
**they are very versatile**

Front 18

Define SAPROPHYTIC.

Back 18

-organisms that secure food from non-living organisms

Front 19

Where is rhodophyta commonly found?

Back 19

-red algae are predominantly a marine group
-grows on rocky sea shores and in rock pools where they are rarely exposed by the tide

Front 20

Define EPIPHYTES

Back 20

-organisms that attaches to another organism for stability

Front 21

Are cells of red algae uninucleate or multinucleate?

Back 21

-usually uninucleate but multinucleate cells predominate in the more specialized genera

Front 22

What is the progression in morphology of Rhodophyta? Start with most primitive.

Back 22

-unicellular form
-unbranched filaments
-branched filaments
-parenchymous forms (leafy or spread along the surface

Front 23

In regards to Rhodophyta, whats the difference between uniaxial or multiaxial forms?

Back 23

-uniaxial are filimentous forms with one filament

-multiaxial are filimentous forms with many filaments. Have a number of branching filaments aggregated together to form a tough parenchyma like tissue resulting in large, leafy or branching macroscopic growth forms

Front 24

List and describe the generalized life cycles for Rhodophyta.

Back 24

1)Gametophyte Dominant:
-zygote undergoes meiosis instead of mitosis
-result is a haploid dominant stage
-gametophyte plant may be either unicellular or multicellular

2)Alternation of Generations:
-zygote undergoes mitosis prior to meiosis resulting in a vegetative sporophyte phase
-mitosis also occurs, producing a multicellular gametophyte generation

3)Sporophyte Dominant:
-no free living gametophyte generation and the haploid meiospores produced on germination of the qygote act directly as gametes

Front 25

Define ISOMORPHIC morphology.

Define ANISOMORPHIC morphology.

Back 25

-2 generations that share similar morphologies

-2 generations that don't share similar morphologies

Front 26

Define OOGAMOUS

Back 26

-fertilization of a single nucleus in a CARPOGONIUM by a smaller, non motile male gamete, the SPERMATIUM

Front 27

Define CARPOGONIUM

Back 27

-the flask shaped, egg bearing portion of the female reproductive branch in Rhodophyta
-furnished with a TRICHOGYNE

Front 28

Define TRICHOGYNE

Back 28

-a receptive, hairlike structure on the female CARPOGONIUM
-trichogyne recieves the spermatia

Front 29

What is a CARPOSPOROPHYTE?

Back 29

-this is what you call the CYSTOCARP after it's been fertilized
-bears several reproductive structures called CARPOSPORANGIA

Front 30

What is CARPOSPORANGIA?

Explain the shit that happens in there to complete the life-cycle.

Back 30

-reproductive structures on CARPOSPOROPHYTE
-produces CARPOSPORES inside by mitosis
-CARPOSPORES germinate to produce a multicellular diploid SPOROPHYTE GENERATION (*Sometimes known as TETRASPOROPHYTE)
-meioisis then occurs in the SPORANGIA of the sporophyte to form haploid SPORES which germinate to produce the gametophyte generation

Front 31

Describe the life cycle of Porphyra.

Back 31

-an alternation of anisomorphic generations
-the gametangia are no more than altered vegetative cells
-carpogonium becomes the carposporangium after fertilization and produces many diploid carpospores
-carpospore germination leads to a diploid filamentous sporophyte, the CONCHOCELIS stage
-divides meiotically to produce meiospores called CONCHOSPORES. Germinate to produce the foliose gametophyte generation

Front 32

In Polysiphonia, what do the branches consist of?

Back 32

Axile cells:
-goes down the center of the branch

Pericentral cells:
-around the inner perimeter of the branch

Front 33

Define TRICHOBLASTS

Back 33

-short lateral branches found on Polysiphonia
-bears both male and female reproductive structures on their respective form

Front 34

In detail, describe the life cycle of Polysiphonia.

Back 34

-an alternation of isomorphic generations... therefore gametophyte and sporophyte generations are identical in vegetative structures
-spermatangia and carpognium are born on trichoblasts, derived from pericentral cells of different gametophyte plants
-spermatangium produces a single, nonmotlie spermatium
-pericentral cells at the base of the trichoblast begin to divide and form a vegetative PERICARP around the carpogonium as it develops
-once spermatium fertalizes carpogonium, the zygote produces a series of filaments by mitosis
-each of these diploid filaments gives rise to a CARPOSPORANGIUM, containing a SINGLE DIPLOID CARPOSPORE
-carpospores are released from the cystocarp and give rise to a free living sporophyte generation called a TETRASPOROPHYTE
-meiosis takes place within the TETRASPORANGIA to form a TETRASPORE(4 haploid spores)
-these spores germinate to produce the gametophyte generation again

Front 35

What is a CARPOSPOROPHYTE?

Back 35

-the combination of diploid filaments and carposporangia in the life cycle of Polysiphonia
-the female gametophyte

Front 36

What is a CYSTOCARP?

Back 36

-the CARPOSPORANGIA and the PERICARP

Front 37

Define foliose thallus.

Back 37

-leaf like morphology

Front 38

Domain - Bacteria
Kingdom - Eubacteria
Phylum - Cyanobacteria
What genus were studied under the order Chroococcales?

Back 38

1)Gloeocapsa

Front 39

Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Biliphyta
Phylum - Rhodophyta
What genus were studied under the order Bangiales(2)?

Back 39

1)Porphyra
2)Corallina

Front 40

Domain - Bacteria
Kingdom - Eubacteria
Phylum - Cyanobacteria
What genus were studied under the order Nostocales(7)?

Back 40

1)Nostoc
2)Anabaena
3)Rivularia
4)Gloeotrichia
5)Oscillatoria
6)Spirulina
7)Tolypothrix

Front 41

Domain - Bacteria
Kingdom - Eubacteria
Phylum - Cyanobacteria
What genus were studied under the order Stigonematales(1)?

Back 41

1)Fischerella

Front 42

Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Biliphyta
Phylum - Rhodophyta
What genus were studied under the order Acrochaetiales?

Back 42

1)Acrochaetium

Front 43

Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Biliphyta
Phylum - Rhodophyta
What genus were studied under the order Ceramiales(3)?

Back 43

1)Antithamnion
2)Polysiphonia
3)Chondrus

Front 44

What are PAPILLA?

Back 44

-peg like thickenings in the end walls of heterocyst cells
-pores pass through these thickenings to the adjacent cell
-allows movement of nitrogen

Front 45

What are SEPARATION DISCS?

Back 45

-dead vegetative cells
-usually where breakage occurs

Front 46

What are some defining characteristics of the Phylum Rhodophyta?

Back 46

-has more phycoerythrin than phycocyanain
-has floridean starch
-can't use glycolysis
-no flagella
-centrioles have (9x2)+2 configuration

Front 47

What are meiospores?

Back 47

-haploid spores
-pretty much the exact same thing as a gamete

Front 48

In Rhodophyta, what 2 general things can happen to the zygote after fertilization?

Back 48

1)Can divide mitotically to produce a diploid plant (SPOROPHYTE GENERATION)

2)divide meiotially and give rise to haploid spores (meiospores). Population increases in size by mitosis. Meiospores develope into the GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION

Front 49

Define SPERMATIUM

Back 49

-the male gamete

Front 50

Define SPERMATANGIA

Back 50

-the male gametangia/antheridium
-like the plant nuts

Front 51

Draw and label GLOEOCAPSA

Back 51

Did you get:
-colony
-mucilaginous matrix
-vegetative cell

Front 52

Draw and label NOSTOC

Back 52

Did you get:
-filament
-trichome
-gelatinous sheath
-vegetative cell
-heterocyst

Front 53

Draw and label ANABAENA

Back 53

Did you get:
-trichome
-gelatinous sheath
-vegetative cell
-heterocyst
-akinete

Front 54

Draw and label RIVULARIA

Back 54

Did you get:
-trichome
-vegetative cell
-heterocyst
-colony

Front 55

Draw and label GLOEOTRICHIA

Back 55

Did you get:
-trichome
-gelatinous sheath
-vegetative cell
-heterocyst
-akinete

Front 56

Draw and label SPIRULINA

Back 56

Did you get:
-one single vegetative cell

Front 57

Draw and label OSCILLATORIA

Back 57

Did you get:
-trichome
-vegetative cell
-hormogonium
-separation discs

Front 58

Draw and label TOLYPOTHRIX

Back 58

Did you get:
-vegetative cell
-trichome
-false branches

Front 59

Draw and label PORPHYRA

Back 59

Did you get:
-thallus

Front 60

Draw and label ACROCHAETIUM

Back 60

Did you get:
-primary filament
-branch
-vegetative cell

Front 61

Draw and label ANTITHAMNION

Back 61

Did you get:
-sporophyte
-filament
-branch
-tetrasporangium
-tetraspore

Front 62

Draw and label POLYSIPHONIA

Back 62

Did you get:
-male gametophyte
-branch
-pericentral cell
-trichoblast
-spermatangium
-female gametophyte
-cystocarp
-pericarp
-carposporophyte
-carposporangium
-carpospore
-tetrasporophyte
-tetrasporangium
-tetraspor