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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
behavior genetics
|
the study of the
relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
|
environment
|
every nongenetic influence,
from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. |
|
chromosomes
|
threadlike structures
made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. |
|
DNA
|
a
complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. |
|
genes
|
the biochemical units of heredity
that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. |
|
genome
|
the complete instructions for
making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes. |
|
identical twins
|
twins who develop
from a single (monozygotic) fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. |
|
fraternal twins
|
twins who develop
from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. |
|
temperament
|
a person’s characteristic
emotional reactivity and intensity. |
|
molecular genetics
|
the subfield
of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. |
|
heritability
|
the proportion of variation
among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. |
|
interaction
|
the interplay that occurs
when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity). |
|
epigenetics
|
the study of influences
on gene expression that occur without a DNA change. |
|
evolutionary psychology
|
the
study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. |
|
natural selection
|
the principle that,
among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. |
|
mutation
|
a random error in gene
replication that leads to a change. |
|
gender
|
in psychology, the biologically
and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. |
|
culture
|
the enduring behaviors, ideas,
attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
|
norm
|
an understood rule for accepted
and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior. |
|
individualism
|
giving priority to
one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |
|
collectivism
|
giving priority to the
goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly. |
|
aggression
|
physical or verbal behavior
intended to hurt someone. |
|
X chromosome
|
the sex chromosome
found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |
|
Y chromosome
|
the sex chromosome
found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. |
|
testosterone
|
the most important of
the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |
|
role
|
a set of expectations (norms)
about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
|
gender role
|
a set of expected behaviors
for males or for females. |
|
social learning theory
|
the theory
that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |
|
gender identity
|
our sense of being
male or female. |
|
gender typing
|
the acquisition of a
traditional masculine or feminine role. |
|
transgender
|
an umbrella term
describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex. |