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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
behavior genetics
the study of the
relative power and limits of genetic and
environmental influences on behavior
environment
every nongenetic influence,
from prenatal nutrition to the
people and things around us.
chromosomes
threadlike structures
made of DNA molecules that contain
the genes.
DNA
a
complex molecule containing the
genetic information that makes up the
chromosomes.
genes
the biochemical units of heredity
that make up the chromosomes; a
segment of DNA capable of synthesizing
a protein.
genome
the complete instructions for
making an organism, consisting of all
the genetic material in that organism’s
chromosomes.
identical twins
twins who develop
from a single (monozygotic) fertilized
egg that splits in two, creating two
genetically identical organisms.
fraternal twins
twins who develop
from separate (dizygotic) fertilized
eggs. They are genetically no closer
than brothers and sisters, but they
share a fetal environment.
temperament
a person’s characteristic
emotional reactivity and intensity.
molecular genetics
the subfield
of biology that studies the molecular
structure and function of genes.
heritability
the proportion of variation
among individuals that we can
attribute to genes. The heritability of
a trait may vary, depending on the
range of populations and environments
studied.
interaction
the interplay that occurs
when the effect of one factor (such
as environment) depends on another
factor (such as heredity).
epigenetics
the study of influences
on gene expression that occur without
a DNA change.
evolutionary psychology
the
study of the evolution of behavior and
the mind, using principles of natural
selection.
natural selection
the principle that,
among the range of inherited trait
variations, those that lead to increased
reproduction and survival will most
likely be passed on to succeeding
generations.
mutation
a random error in gene
replication that leads to a change.
gender
in psychology, the biologically
and socially influenced characteristics by
which people define male and female.
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas,
attitudes, values, and traditions shared
by a group of people and transmitted
from one generation to the next.
norm
an understood rule for accepted
and expected behavior. Norms prescribe
“proper” behavior.
individualism
giving priority to
one’s own goals over group goals and
defining one’s identity in terms of
personal attributes rather than group
identifications.
collectivism
giving priority to the
goals of one’s group (often one’s
extended family or work group) and
defining one’s identity accordingly.
aggression
physical or verbal behavior
intended to hurt someone.
X chromosome
the sex chromosome
found in both men and women.
Females have two X chromosomes;
males have one. An X chromosome
from each parent produces a female
child.
Y chromosome
the sex chromosome
found only in males. When paired with
an X chromosome from the mother, it
produces a male child.
testosterone
the most important of
the male sex hormones. Both males
and females have it, but the additional
testosterone in males stimulates the
growth of the male sex organs in the
fetus and the development of the male
sex characteristics during puberty.
role
a set of expectations (norms)
about a social position, defining how
those in the position ought to behave.
gender role
a set of expected behaviors
for males or for females.
social learning theory
the theory
that we learn social behavior by
observing and imitating and by being
rewarded or punished.
gender identity
our sense of being
male or female.
gender typing
the acquisition of a
traditional masculine or feminine role.
transgender
an umbrella term
describing people whose gender
identity or expression differs from that
associated with their birth sex.