Phy. Learning And Memory

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info. processing model

Back 1

model of memory that assumes the processing of info. for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages.

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unconditioned response

Back 2

(UCR)
an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

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neutral stimulus

Back 3

(NS)
stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

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conditioned stimulus

Back 4

(CS)
stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

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conditioned response

Back 5

(CR)
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

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stimulus generalization

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the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

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stumulus discrimination

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the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus b/c the similar timulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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extinction

Back 8

the disapperarance or weaking of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 9

reinforcer

Back 9

any event or object that,when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.

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spontaneous recovery

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the reapperance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

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higher-order conditioning

Back 11

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causeing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

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conditioned emotional response

Back 12

(CER)
emotional response that has becme classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

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vicarious conditioning

Back 13

classical conditioning of a refelx response or emotional by watching the reaction of another person.

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conditioned tast aversion

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development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste b/c that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring after only one association.

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biological perparedness

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refurring to the tendency of animals to learn certin associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few parings due to the servival valuse of the learning.

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stimulus substitution

Back 16

original therory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred b/c the conditioned stimulus became a subtitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

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congnitive perspective

Back 17

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides info. or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

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operant conditioning

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the learnign of voluntary behavior throught the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

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law of effect

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law that stated that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

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operant

Back 20

any behavior that is voluntary.

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reinforcement

Back 21

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

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pimary reinforcer

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any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

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secondary reinforcer

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any reinforcer that becomes reinorcing after being paired wiht a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

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positive reinforcement

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the reinforcement of a response by the addition or exponse by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

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negative reinforcement

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the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

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shaping

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the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

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successive approximations

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small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

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discriminative stimulus

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any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certin response in oder to obtain reinforcement.

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partial reinforcement effect

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the tendency for a response that is reinfored after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to etinction.

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continuous reinforement

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the reinforement of each and every correct response.

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fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

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shcedule of reinforement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

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variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in which the number of resoonses required for reinforecement is different ofr each trial or event.

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fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

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shcedule of reinforecement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforecement becomes possibe is always the same.

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variable interval schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforecement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

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punishment

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any event or objecti that, when following a response makes that response less likely to happne again.

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punishment by application

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the punishment of a response by the addition or experienceing of an unpleasant sutmulus.

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punishment by removal

Back 37

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.

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instinctive drift

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tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.