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262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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arteries
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large vessels that carry blood away from heart
lined with connective tissue, muscle tissue, elastic fibers, lined with endothelium |
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Why are arteries elastic?
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To force a steady flow of blood, smoothing out the beating of the heart
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arterioles
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smaller branches of arteries
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capillaries
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walls comprised of a single layer of endothelium
thin walls allow passage of oxygen & nutrients & waste to/from tissue cells |
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venules
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collect waste-filled deoxy blood from capillaries
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vein
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conduct blood to heart
thinner than arteries, less elastic tissue |
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muscle pump
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as muscles contract, blood is milked from tissues, into the veins, and through the veins to the heart
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valves
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in veins and heart to prevent backflow of blood
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pulmonary vs systemic circulation
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arteries go away from the heart
pulmonic: heart → lungs (deoxygenated) systemic: heart → body (oxygenated) veins conduct blood to the heart pulmonic: lungs → heart (oxygenated) systemic: heart → body tissues (deoxygenated) |
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venae cavae
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2 large veins that convey blood from venules to heart
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Blood circulation
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superior & inferior venae cavae
right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary (semilunar) valve pulmonary artery lung capillaries pulmonary vein left atrium mitral (bicuspid) valve left ventricle aortic (semilunar) valve aorta (coronary arteries branch off) ascending aorta aortic arch descending aorta arterioles capillaries venules venae cavae |
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What is the thickest-walled part of the heart?
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Left ventricle
must be much stronger to pump with enough force to sustain systemic pressure |
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atria
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upper chambers
right: receive blood from heart left: receive blood from lungs |
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ventricles
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lower chambers
right: sends blood to lungs left: sends blood to body |
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carotid artery
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supplies blood to head & neck
pulse |
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axillary artery
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armpit
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brachial artery
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antecubital space
pulse |
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radial artery
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lateral portion of the front of the wrist
pulse |
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popliteal artery
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popliteal region (back of the knee)
pulse |
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dorsalis pedis artery
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lateral superior foot
pulse |
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posterior tibial arteriy
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near medial malleolus
pulse |
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femoral artery
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groin, in the fold created by hip flexion
pulse |
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renal artery
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to kidneys
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abdominal aorta
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serves abdomen & lower body
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splenic artery
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spleen
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thoracic aorta
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serves chest
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semilunar valves
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between ventricle & blood vessel
aortic: left ventricle → aorta pulmonary: right ventricle → pulmonary artery |
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cuspid valves
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between atria & ventricles
tricuspid: right bicuspid (mitral): left (t is closer to r, m is closer to l) |
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septum
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partition the heart's chambers
plural: septa |
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interatrial septum
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separates atria into left/right
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interventricular septum
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muscular wall that separates ventricle into left/right
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What are the 3 layers of the heart?
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from deep to superficial
endocardium myocardium pericardium |
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endocardium
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inner-most layer of the heart
smooth layer of endothelial cells |
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myocardium
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middle layer of the heart
thickest, muscular |
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pericardium
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visceral pericardium adheres to the heart & folds over on itself to form the parietal pericardium
pericardial fluid (serous fluid) secreted between them lubricates to reduce friction as the heart beats |
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2 phases of heart beat
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diastole
systole |
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diastole
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relaxation
as ventricle walls relax & blood flows into heart from venae cavae & pulmonary veins tricuspid & mitral valves open |
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systole
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contraction
as ventricular walls contract, blood enters pulmonary artery & aorta aortic & pulmonary valves open |
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murmur
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abnormal swishing sound as blood flows through valves caused by improper valve closure
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SA node
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sinoatrial node
pacemaker of the heart small region of specialized muscle tissue in posterior portion of right atrium originates electrical impulse of the heart causes atrial walls to contract & force blood through ventricles |
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AV node
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atrioventricular node
receives electrical signal from SA node, passes it to atrioventricular bundle This book incorrectly states that it transmits the signal immediately. One function of the AV node is to delay the signal by ~0.1 s (Physiology of Sport and Exercise, 5th ed. ISBN: 9780736094092, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed. ISBN: 9780805395693) located in inferior interatrial septum |
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atrioventricular bundle
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aka bundle of His ('hiss')
located in interventricular septum divides bundle into left & right bundle branches |
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right & left bundle branches
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conduction myofibers that extend through ventricular walls
contract on stimulation |
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ECG
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aka EKG
electrocardiogram detects electrical changes in the heart muscle as it beats |
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deflection
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waves depicted on ECG
P QRS T |
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NSR
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normal sinus rhythm
60-100 bpm |
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P wave
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diastole
ventricles filling, atrial contraction, atrial depolarization |
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QRS complex
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ventricular depolarization & contraction
systole |
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T wave
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ventricular repolarization
systole |
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sphygmomanometer
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device to measure BP
rubber bag inside cloth cuff that wraps around upper arm inflation compresses brachial artery pressure released slowly systole measured at first sound diastole measured when sounds change from loud to soft |
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blood pressure
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force the blood exerts on arterial walls
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BP expressed as
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systolic / diastolic, in mm Hg
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aorta
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largest artery in the body
heart → systemic circulation |
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CO₂
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carbon dioxide
waste gas released by body cells transported via veins to the heart from heart to lungs via pulmonary artery exhaled from the lungs |
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coronary arteries
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blood vessels that branch from aorta immediately above aortic valve to carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart
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artificial cardiac pacemaker
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electronic apparatus implanted in chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak & not functioning
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pulse
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heart beat as felt through arterial walls
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angi/o
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vessel
angiogram, angioplasty |
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aort/o
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aorta
aortic stenosis |
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arter/o, arteri/o
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artery
arteriosclerosis |
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ather/o
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yellowish plaque
atherosclerosis |
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atherosclerosis
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form of arteriosclerosis where atheromas (deposits of yellow plaque) are find within lining of artery
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atri/o
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atrium
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brachi/o
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arm
brachial artery |
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cardi/o
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heart
cardiomegaly: enlargement of heart |
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tachycardia
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tachy- fast
cardi/o heart heart rate > 100 bpm |
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cardiomyopathy
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cardi/o heart
my/o muscle -pathy disease/emotion disease of the heart muscle |
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cholesterol/o
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cholesterol
a lipid substance |
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hypercholesterolemia
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hyper- above normal, excessive
cholesterol/o cholesterol -emia blood condition condition in which there is excessive cholesterol in the blood |
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coron/o
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heart
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coronary arteries
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coron/o: heart
-ary: pertaining to coronary arteries descend over heart like a crown |
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cyan/o
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blue
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cyanosis
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cyan/o: blue
-osis: condition, usually abnormal bluish discoloration of skin associated with low blood ox |
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myx/o
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mucus
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myxoma
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myx/o: mucus
-oma: tumor, mass, fluid collection benign tumor derived from connective tissue with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue rare, most often in left ventricle |
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ox/o
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oxygen
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hypoxia
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hypo-: below normal, deficient, below, under
ox/o: oxygen -ia: condition condition in which blood ox is below normal |
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pericardi/o
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pericardium
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pericardiocentesis
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pericardi/o: pericardium
-centesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid removal of pericardial fluid from between the pericardium layers |
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phleb/o
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vein
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phlebotomy
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phleb/o: vein
-tomy: process of cutting cutting open vein, usually to remove blood |
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thrombophlebitis
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thromb/o: clot, clotting
phleb/o: vein -itis: inflammation inflammation of a vein in conjunction with a clot formation |
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rrhythm/o
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rhythm
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arrhythmia
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a-: no, not, without
rrhythm/o: rhythm -ia: condition condition without normal rhythm dysrhythmia also used |
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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sphygmomanometer
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sphygm/o: pulse
manometer: device to measure pressure |
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steth/o
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chest
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stethoscope
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steth/o: chest
-scope: instrument for visual examination stethoscope is actually used with the ears rather than the eyes |
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auscultation
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listening to sounds within the body, usually with a stethoscope
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thromb/o
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clot
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thrombolysis
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thromb/o: clot
-lysis: breakdown, separation, destruction, loosening breaking up of a clot |
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valvul/o, valv/o
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valve
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valvuloplasty
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valvul/o: valve
-plasty: surgical repair balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve |
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mitral valvulitis
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valv/o: valve
-itis: inflammation inflammation of mitral valve |
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vas/o
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vessel
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vasoconstriction
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vas/o: vessel
construction: to tighten or narrow to tighten the vessels |
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vascul/o
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vessel
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vascular
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vascul/o: vessel
-ar: pertaining to pertaining to a vessel |
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ven/o, ven/i
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vein
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venous
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ven/o: vein
-ous: pertaining to pertaining to a vein |
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venipuncture
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ven/i: vein
puncture: puncturing a vein for phlebotomy or to start an IV infusion |
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ventricul/o
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ventricle
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interventricular septum
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inter-: between
ventricul/o: ventricle -ar: pertaining to septum that is between the ventricles |
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bradycardia & heart block
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failure of proper conduction of impulses from SA node through AV node to atrioventricular bundle
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biventricular pacemaker
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treats delays & abnormalities in ventricular contractions
enables ventricular synchrony |
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flutter
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rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
up to 300 bpm |
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fibrillation
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very rapid, random, inefficient, irregular contractions of the heart
≥350 bpm |
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palpitation
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uncomfortable sensation in chest from missed heartbeat
symptom of fibrillation |
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AF
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a-fib
atrial fibrillation most common type of cardiac arrhythmia |
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types of AF
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paroxysmal: periodic & episodic
permanent / persistent: continues indefinitely |
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VF
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v-fib
ventricular fibrillation electrical impulses move randomly throughout ventricles may be possible to interrupt with defibrillation (application of electrical shock) |
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drugs to manage VF
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digoxin
beta-blockers calcium channel blockers |
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ICD
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implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
small electrical device implanted inside chest near clavicle to sense arrthmias & terminate them with an electric shock |
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AED
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automatic external defibrillator
used in emergencies to reverse VF |
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catheter ablation
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destruction of tissue causing arrhythmia via radiofrequency energy delivered from tip of catheter inserted through blood vessel into heart
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congenital heart disease
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abnormalities in the heart at birth
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CoA
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coarctation of the aorta
congenital narrowing of aorta |
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PDA
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patent ductus arteriosus
passageway (ductus arteriosus) between aorta & pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth |
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septal defects
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congenital defects of the septa
small holes in the walls between the atria or ventriles |
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heart-lung machine
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relieves heart & lungs of pumping & oxygenating functions during heart surgery
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tetralogy of Fallot
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(Fallot like fallow, but with accent on 2nd syllable)
congenital malformation with four (tetra-) distinct heart defects pulmonary artery stenosis (pulmonary artery narrow or obstructed) ventricular septal defect (large hole between ventricles) shift of aorta to the right (aorta overrides interventricular septum to be filled with blood from right aorta) hypertrophy of right ventricle (myocardium works harder to pump blood through narrowed pulmonary artery) |
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TGA
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transposition of great arteries
congenital defect in which pulmonary artery arises from left ventricle & aorta from right ventricle |
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CHF
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congestive heart failure
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood symptoms: shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, fluid retention, pulmonary edema, swelling of legs & feet |
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CHF types
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systolic, diastolic
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systolic CHF
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left ventricular dysfunction results in low ejection fraction
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diastolic CHF
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heart is less compliant when filling with blood
fluid backs up into lungs & other parts of body hypertension is most common cause |
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pulmonary edema
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fluid accumulation in lungs
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LVAD
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left ventricular assist device
booster pump implanted into abdomen with a cannula inserted into ventricle |
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CHF drugs
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ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzymes)
beta-blockers spironolactone digoxin goal is to promote fluid loss |
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CAD
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coronary artery disease
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart |
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack
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infarct
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dead area of myocardial tissue
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ischemia
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decreased blood flow
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ACS
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acute coronary syndrome
conditions caused by myocardial ischemia (not enough blood flow to myocardium) unstable angina & MI consequential to plaque rupture in coronary arteries |
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types of ACS
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MI: myocardial infarction
Unstable angina chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency |
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drugs for ACS
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anticoagulants & antiplatelet agents
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nitroglycerin
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vasodilator
increases coronary blood flow, reduces BP venodilator reduces venous return, decreases myocardial O₂ consumption |
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aspirin
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prevent platelet clumping
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beta-blockers
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reduce force & speed of heartbeat, lower BP
drug used to treat angina, hypertension, arrhythmias blocks action of epinephrine at receptor cites on cells, slowing the heartbeat |
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ACE inhibitors
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reduce high BP & risk of future MI
antiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate |
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calcium channel blockers
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relax muscles in blood vessels
used to treat angina, HTN dilates blood vessels by blocking influx of Ca²⁺ into muscle cells lining vessels |
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statins
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lower cholesterol
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CABG
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coronary artery bypass grafting
treatment for CAD involving replacement of occluded vessels arteries & veins anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages |
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PCI
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percutaneous coronary intervention
catheterization with balloons & stents to open occluded coronary arteries |
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endocarditis
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endo-: in, within
cardi/o: heart -itis: inflammation inflammation of the inner lining (endocardium) of the heart |
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hypertensive heart disease
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high BP affecting the heart
results from narrowed arterioles which increase arterial pressure left ventricular hypertrophy follows because it has to pump harder to overcome increased resistance |
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MVP
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mitral valve prolapse
improper closure of mitral valve diagnosed with midsystolic click on auscultation |
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bruit
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abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or organ
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thrill
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vibration felt on palpation of chest, often accompanies murmur
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pericarditis
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pericardi/o: pericardium
-itis: inflammation inflammation of the pericardium |
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of heart caused by collection of fluid in pericardial cavity
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rheumatic heart disease
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heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
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vegetations
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clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and RBC's on diseased heart valves
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mitral stenosis
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tightening of mitral valve
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aneurysm
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aneurysm/o: widened blood vessel
local widening of arterial walls more common in aorta As widening occurs, plaque collects & eddies form plaques & clots may break off to flow downstream to narrower areas, occluding downstream vessels Stress of eddies causes further widening widening thins & weakens arterial walls, could rupture |
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berry aneurysm
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aneurysm of small vessels in brain
treated with occlusion of the vessel with small clips |
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treatment of larger aneurysms
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aneursym resected, synthetic graft sewn within affected vessel
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DVT
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deep vein thrombosis
thrombus forms in large vein, usually a lower limb |
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pulmonary embolism
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clot travels to lung, may result from DVT
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HTN
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hypertension
essential hypertension: high BP with no identifiable cause secondary: high BP due to an associated lesion |
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PAD
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peripheral artery disease
blockage of arteries carrying blood to legs, arms, kidneys, other organs |
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intermittent claudication
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pain, tension, and weakness in leg after walking has begun; absent at rest
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embolic protection devices
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parachute-like filters used to capture embolic debris during stenting
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Raynaud disease
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(ray-no' long a, long o)
recurrent episodes of pallor & cyanosis primarily in fibers & toes |
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Raynaud phenomenon
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similar to Raynaud disease: condition of arterial insufficiency but secondary to arterial narrowing from other conditions
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen or twisted veins, usually in the legs
valves fail, allowing blood to pool in superficial veins |
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hemorrhoid
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hem/o: blood
-rrho: flow -oid: resembling varicose vein in anal / rectal region |
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angina (pectoris)
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chest pain due to myocardial ischemia
ischemia isch/o: hold back, back -emia: blood condition myocardium isn't supplied enough blood |
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cardiac arrest
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sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action
sudden cardiac death |
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digoxin
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drug that treats arrhythmias & strengthens heartbeat
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embolus
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clot or other substance that travels to a distant location & suddenly blocks a blood vessel
plural: emboli |
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infarction
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area of dead tissue
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occlusion
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closure of blood vessel due to blockage
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PVC
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premature ventricular contraction
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patent
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open
e.g. patent airway |
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pericardial friction rub
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scraping or grating heard on auscultation of heart, suggestive of pericarditis
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petechiae
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small pinpoint hemorrhages
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statins
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drugs to lower blood cholesterol
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BNP test
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measures brain natriuretic peptide in blood
elevated with heart failure |
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cardiac biomarkers
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chemical measured in blood as evidence of heart attack
cTnI: troponin-I cTnT: troponin-T troponin is released from heart muscle into circulation after myocardial injury |
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lipid profile
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lipid tests
measures cholesterol & triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample saturated: increase blood cholesterol polyunsaturated: decrease blood cholesterol |
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hyperlipidemia
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hyper-: exessive, above normal
lipid/o: fat -emia: blood condition too much fat in the blood |
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lipoprotein electrophoresis
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lipoproteins are physically separated & measured in a blood sample
e.g. HDL, LDLd |
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LDL
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low-density lipoprotein
"bad cholesterol" associated with atherosclerosis reference level: < 130 mg/dL |
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HDL
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high-density lipoprotein
reference level: 70 mg/dL |
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angiography
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x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
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arteriography
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x-ray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast via catheter
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CTA
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computed tomography angiography
3d x-ray image of heart & coronary arteries using CT |
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DSA
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digital subtraction angiography
video equipment & computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels x-rays taken before & after injection of contrast material computer compares them, subtracting digital data from the before from the after |
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EBCT or EBT
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electron beam computed tomography
electron beams & CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries diagnoses early CAD risk 0-99: low 100-399: intermediate >400: high |
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Doppler ultrasound studies
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sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
instrument focuses on sound waves on blood vessels, echoes bounce off the RBC's contained within |
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Duplex ultrasound
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combines Doppler & convential ultrasound so physician can image blood vessel structure & measure speed of flow
diagnosis of carotid artery occlusion, aneurysm, varicose veins, other vessel disorders |
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ECHO
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echocardiography
echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart, both structure & movement |
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TEE
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transesophageal echocardiography
transducer in esophagus provides ultrasound & doppler info diagnoses cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, pericardial fluid |
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PET scan
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positron emission tomography
images show blood flow & myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose detects: CAD, myocardial function, differences between ischemic HD & cardiomyopathy |
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techneitium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
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Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously, taken up in cardiac tissue, detected by scanning
to assess amount of heart muscle damaged in an MI used with exercise tolerance test (ETT-MIBI) |
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thallium 201 scan
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concentration of radioactive thallium measured to give info about blood supply to heart muscle
infarctions show as cold spots |
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cardiac MRI
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images of the heart produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field
provides info about: aneurysms, cardiac output, patency of peripheral & coronary arteries |
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MRA
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magnetic resonance angiography
MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels |
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cardiac catheterization
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thin, flexible tube guided into heart via artery or vein
detects pressures & patterns of blood flow in heart allows injection of contrast material |
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ECG
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electrocardiography
recording of electricity flowing through heart |
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telemetry
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electronic transmission of data
tel/o: distant metr/o: uterus, measure -y: condition, process |
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Holter monitoring
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wearing ECG for 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
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stress test
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ETT to determine heart's response to physical exertion
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ETT
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exercise tolerance test
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catheter ablation
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brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
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defibrillation
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application of brief discharges of electricity to chest
to stop dysrhythmias (VF) |
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of plaque from inner layer of an artery
endo-: within arter/o: artery -ectomy: removal, excision, resection |
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extracorporeal circulation
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circulation managed outside the body
heart-lung machine diverts blood from heart & lungs while heart is repaired |
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heart transplantation
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donor heart transferred to recipient
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stent
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expandable slotted tube
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thrombolytic therapy
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drugs to dissolve clots injected into bloodstream of patient with coronary thrombosis
tPA: tissue plasminogen activator streptokinase reduce mortality in MI patients by 25% |
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AAA
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abdominal aortic aneurysm
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ACLS
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advanced cardiac life support
CPR, drugs, defibrillation |
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ADP blockers
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used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, MI, & strokes after stent procedures
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AICD
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automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
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AMI
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acute myocardial infarction
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ARVD
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arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
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AS
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aortic stenosis
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ASD
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atrial septal defect
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AV, A-V
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atrioventricular
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AVR
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aortic valve replacement
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BBB
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bundle branch block
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CCU
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coronary care unit
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Cath
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catheterization
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CK
|
creatine kinase
released into blood after injury to heart or skeletal muscle |
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CPR
|
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CRT
|
cardiac resynchronization therapy
biventricular pacing |
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CV
|
cardiovascular
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CTNI,cTnI, CTNT, cTnT
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cardiac troponin-I
cardiac troponin-T muscle protein released to blood after MI |
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DES
|
drug-eluting stent
stent that slowly release a drug to block cell proliferation |
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ECMO
|
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
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EF
|
ejection fraction
measure of the amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat |
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EPS
|
electrophysiology study
electrode catheters inserted into veins & threaded into heart to measure electrical conduction |
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ETT-MIBI
|
exercise tolerance test combined with radioactive tracer (sestamibi) scan
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IABP
|
intra-aortic balloon pump
supports patients in cardiogenic shock cardi/o: heart -genic: produced by or in shock produced by or in the heart |
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LAD
|
left anterior descending coronary artery
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LMWH
|
low-molecular-weight heparin
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LV
|
left ventricle
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LVH
|
left ventricular hypertrophy
enlargement of left ventricle |
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MR
|
mitral regurgitation
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MUGA
|
multiple-gated acquisition scan
radioactive test of heart function |
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PAC
|
premature atrial contraction
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PDA
|
patent ductus arteriosus
posterior descending artery |
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SCD
|
sudden cardiac death
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SOB
|
shortness of breath
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SPECT
|
single photon emission computed tomography
used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans |
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SSCP
|
SubSternal Chest Pain
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STEMI
|
ST elevation MI
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SVT
|
supraventricular tachycardia
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UA
|
unstable angina
chest pain at rest or of increasing frequency |
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VSD
|
ventricular septal defect
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VT
|
ventricular tachycardia
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WPW
|
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
abnormal ECG pattern associated with paroxysmal tachycardia |
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LV aneurysmectomy
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surgery to remove protrusion of the wall of a lower heart chamber
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left carotid endarterectomy
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to treat atherosclerotic occlusion of a main artery leading to the head
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sclerosing injections & laser treatment
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to treat varicose veins
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atrial septal defect repair
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to treat congenital hole in wall of upper heart chamber
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pericardiocentesis
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to treat cardiac tamponade
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aortic valve replacement
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to treat aortic stenosis
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pacemaker implantation
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to treat heart block
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femoral-popliteal bypass graft
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to treat peripheral vascular disease
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