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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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purpose of urinary system
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removal of nitrogenous wastes
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urinary system organs
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, urinary meatus
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hormones produced by kidneys
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renin
raises BP by stimming vasoconstriction EPO stims RBC production in bone marrow |
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kidney anatomy
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cortex
outer region medulla inner region hilum depression on medial border through which blood vessels & nerves pass |
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ureter
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muscular tube (16-18") lined with mucous membrane
transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder via peristalsis |
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urinary bladder
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hollow, muscular sac serving as temporary reservoir for urine
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trigone
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triangular region at base of bladder
oriented point-down upper corners are entry of ureters bottom corner is exit of urethra |
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urinary meatus
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external opening of urethra
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urethra
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transports urine from bladder to outside the body
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renal arteries
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delivery blood from aorta to kidneys
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glomeruli
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mass of tiny, coiled, intertwined smaller blood vessels
served by 1 arteriole |
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glomerulus
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ball of tiny capillaries
1 mil in cortex of each kidney |
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filtration
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glomerulus selectively filters
Eliminate: water, salts, sugar, urea, creatinine, uric acid |
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Bowman (glomerular) capsule
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cup-like structure in which filtrate to be eliminated collects
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renal tubule
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long twisted tube attached to each glomerular capsule
microscopic |
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nephron
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glomerulus + renal tubule
1 mil / kidney |
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diagram for forming & expelling urine
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Blood stream
glomerulus glomerular (Bowman) capsule renal tubule (reabsorb: water, sugar, salts return to blood) (secrete: acids, potassium, drugs forced into renal tubule) renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra urinary meatus |
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calyx or calix
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cup-like collection region of renal pelvis
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catheter
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tube for injecting or removing fluids
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cortex
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outer region of an organ
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creatinine
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nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
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creatinine clearance
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efficiency with which kidneys remove (clear) creatinine
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electrolyte
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chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water
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filtration
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process where by substances pass through a filter
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amounts filtered as urine
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180 qarts of fluid filtered from blood daily
98-99% of water & salts returned to blood 1.5 quarts urine excreted / day |
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nitrogenous waste
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substance containing N & excreted in urine
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K⁺
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potassium electrolyte
concentration regulated by kidney essential for muscle contraction, conduction of nervous impulses |
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reabsorption
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process whereby renal tubules return necessary material back into bloodstream
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renal pelvis
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central collecting region in kidney
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Na⁺
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sodium
regulated in blood & urine by kidneys needed for transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, other metabolic functions |
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urea
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major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
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uric acid
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nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
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voiding
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urination, micturation
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cali/o, calic/o
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calyx (calix)
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cyst/o
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urinary bladder
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glomerul/o
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glomerulus
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meat/o
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meatus
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nephr/o
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kidney
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pyel/o
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renal pelvis
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ren/o
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kidney
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trigon/o
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trigone (region of urinary bladder)
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ureter/o
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ureter
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urethr/o
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urethra
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vesic/o
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urinary bladder
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meatal stenosis
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narrowing of meatus
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nephropathy
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kidney disease
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nephroptosis
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downward displacement of kidney due to weakened anatomical supports
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hydronephrosis
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abnormal condition of water in kidney
e.g. obstruction of urine flow w/ renal calculi |
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uteroileostomy
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aka ileal conduit
after cystectomy, urologic surgeon forms a pouch from a segment of ileum, used in place of bladder to carry urine from ureters out of body |
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azot/o
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nitrogen
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dips/o
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thirst
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kal/o
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potassium
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ket/o, keton/o
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ketone bodies
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natr/o
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sodium
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noct/o
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night
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olig/o
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scanty
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py/o
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pus
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-tripsy
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crushing
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ur/o
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urea, urine
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urin/o
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urine
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-uria
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urination, urine condition
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urinalysis
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examination of urine to determine presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions
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color (of urine)
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normal: yellow, straw-colored
colorless or pale: large amount of water smoky-red / brown: large amounts of blood |
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appearance (of urine)
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clear: normal
turbid: UTI w/ pyuria or bacteriuria |
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pH (of urine)
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normal: 6.5
alkaline: UTI |
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Protein (of urine)
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normal: amounts too small to measure
if positive, usually albumin |
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albuminuria
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albumin in the urine
may indicate leak in glomerular membrane |
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glucose (in urine)
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normal: no glucose
positive: diabetes mellitus |
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sp gr (of urine)
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specific gravity
compares density of urine to that of water higher than normal: increased amounts of wastes, minerals, solids |
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ketone bodies (in urine)
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accumulate when body breaks down fat instead of sugar for fuel
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sediments & casts (in urine)
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includes epithelial cells, WBCs, RBCs, bacteria, crystals, casts (cylindrical protein structures)
normal: none presence indicates pathologic condition |
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phenylketonuria
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PKU
phenylketones in urine these accumulate if someone lacks phenylalanine hydroxylase |
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bilirubin (in urine)
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make urine appear darker
indicates liver or gallbladder disease |
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glomerulonephritis
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inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
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interstitial nephritis
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inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between renal tubules
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nephrolithiasis
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kidney stones (renal calculi)
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nephrosis
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aka nephrotic syndrome
group of clinical signs & symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine important signs edema hypoalbuminemia |
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PKD
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polycystic kidney disease
multiple fluid-filled sacs within & on kidney |
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis & renal parenchyma
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hypernephroma
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aka renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor of kidney in adulthood |
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renal failure
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kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function
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renal hypertension
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high BP secondary to kidney disease
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Wilms tumor
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malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
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bladder cancer
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malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
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diabetes insipidus
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antidiuretic hormone inadequately secreted, or kidney is resistant to its effect
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diabetes mellitus
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insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen
measurement of urea levels in blood |
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creatinine clearance
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measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from blood by the kidney
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GFR
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glomerular filtration rate
normal: 90-120 mL / min |
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CT scan
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x-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs & tissues
diagnose tumors, cysts, abscesses, hydronephrosis |
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KUB
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kidneys, ureters, and bladder
x-ray examination (w/o contrast) of kidneys, ureters, bladder |
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renal angiography
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x-ray exam (w/ contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
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RP
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retrograde pyelogram
x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis & ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder |
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VCUG
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Voiding CystoUrethroGram
x-ray record (w/ contrast) of urinary bladder & urethra obtained while patient voids |
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ultrasonography
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imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
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radioisotope scan
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image of kidney after injection of radioactive substance into bloodstream
provides renal scan: pictures showing size & shape of kidney renogram: pictures showing fx of kidney |
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney & surround structures in three planes of the body |
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cystoscopy
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direct visualization of the urethra & urinary bladder with an endoscope
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dialysis
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process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from blood
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HD
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hemodialysis
uses artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from patient, filters it, and then returns it to patient's body |
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PD
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peritoneal dialysis
peritoneal catheter introduces fluid into peritoneal cavity fluid's chemical properties causes wastes in peritoneal capillaries to pass out of blood & into fluid fluid & wastes removed via catheter |
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CAPD
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continuous ambulatory PD
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CCPD
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continuous cycling PD
performed with the aid of mechanical apparatus at night or during sleep |
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lithotripsy
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urinary tract stones are crushed
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ESWL
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
shock waves directed toward stone from outside the body |
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renal angioplasty
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dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
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renal biopsy
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removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
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renal transplantation
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surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
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urinary catheterization
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passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone
aka vasopressin |
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ARF
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acute renal failure
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BILI
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bilirubin
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Cath
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catheter, catheterization
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CKD
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chronic kidney disease
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Cl⁻
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chloride
electrolyte excreted by the kidney |
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CRCL, CrCl, CLcr
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creatinine clearance
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CRF
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chronic renal failure
progressive loss of kidney fx |
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C&S
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culture & sensitivity testing
determines antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient's urine specimen |
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ESRD
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end-stage renal disease aka CKD
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HCO₃⁻
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bicarbonate
electrolyte conserved by the kidney (via passive reabsorption due to attraction of opposite charge) |
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HD
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hemodialysis
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IC
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interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation of bladder wall not responsive to conventional abx |
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K⁺
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potassium, an electrolyte
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Na⁺
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sodium, an electrolyte
(active reabsorption facilitated by aldosterone, stimmed by renin-angiotensin cycle) |
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PUL
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percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
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UA
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urinalysis
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UTI
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urinary tract infection
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