Phsl

Front 1

what does the intima consist of?

Back 1

endothelium which is endocrine tissue, has a paracrine effect

Front 2

what are the 4 main functions of endothelium?

Back 2

1. physical and biochemical barrier - it is a biochemical barrier in that anything that goes through the membrane gets destroyed, it blocks anything w/ transmitter potential from going from blood to neurons
2. hemostasis - contains clot forming factors
3. angiogenesis - growth factors
4. releases vasoactive substances - relax or constrict vessels

Front 3

the media consists of what?

Back 3

smooth muscle, collagen, and elastin

Front 4

which layer of a vessel is the mechanical force for blood flow? why?

Back 4

the media; the extracellular matrix of the media allows for contraction of vessels by holding the cells together - if 1 cell contracts the whole matrix shortens

Front 5

adventitia consists of what?

Back 5

collagen and elastin

Front 6

what does the adventitia protect against?

Back 6

over dilation and rupture of the vessels resulting in an anurism

Front 7

is the adventitia thicker in larger vessels or smaller vessels?

Back 7

larger

Front 8

is skeletal muscle or smooth muscle more efficient?

Back 8

smooth muscle is more efficient, it is able to maintain blood pressure at a minimum cost

Front 9

what is the main contractile element of vessels?

Back 9

smooth muscle

Front 10

describe smooth muscle cells

Back 10

spindle shaped cells that come from fibroblasts and progenitor cells

Front 11

collagen is secreted by what type of cells?

Back 11

vascular smooth muscle cells

Front 12

what adds rigidity to vessels?

Back 12

collagen - amount of cross-linking determines the stiffness of collagen which determines the structure of collagen

Front 13

what are 2 types of elastin?

Back 13

stretch and compression

Front 14

does elastin have variable cross-linking?

Back 14

yes

Front 15

what is the main function of elastin?

Back 15

stores mechanical energy - this allows for the continuous flow of blood through the compression of the aorta after the heart beats; important in peripheral circulation

Front 16

how is blood constantly redistributed?

Back 16

by turning valves on and off

Front 17

what is the whole point of homeostasis?

Back 17

to maintain a constant internal environment

Front 18

what are 3 common diseases seen in our society and what are some of their major results?

Back 18

1. coronary heart disease - shortness of breath
2. hypertension - bleed a lot
3. diabetes - don't heal well, problems w/ angiogenesis

Front 19

the perivascular nerves are of what 3 classifications? which one dominates?

Back 19

1. andrenergic system- dominates
2. cholinergic system
3. peptigeric system

Front 20

the perivascular nerves have what effect on an artery?

Back 20

effect how it constricts, relaxes, and grows

Front 21

large arteries have a diameter greater than what?

Back 21

1 mm

Front 22

what is the total cross sectional area of all the large arteries in the body? total number?

Back 22

15 cm squared; 500

Front 23

what is the composition of large arteries?

Back 23

1. high content of elastin and collagen - b/c high pressure
2. low content of smooth muscle - don't use aortic constriction for anything but maintaining the structure, no valves (open all the time)

Front 24

what is the function of large arteries?

Back 24

1. windkessel function (pressure capacitance)
2. reduce heart work (decrease acceleration of blood)
3. viscoelasticity, pulse pressure and arteriosclerosis

Front 25

what is the diameter of small arteries?

Back 25

50-1000 u (microns)

Front 26

what is the total cross sectional area of all the small arteries? total number?

Back 26

50 cm squared; 100, 000

Front 27

what is the composition of small arteries?

Back 27

1. moderate content of elastin and collagen
2. moderate content of smooth muscle - b/c past branch points

Front 28

what is the function of small arteries?

Back 28

pressure capacitance and minor resistance changes

Front 29

small arteries are transitional in structure and function between what?

Back 29

large arteries and arterioles

Front 30

what is the diameter of arterioles and precapillary sphincters? what is there total cross sectional area? total number?

Back 30

15 - 50 u (microns); 400 cm squared; 3 million

Front 31

what is the composition of arterioles and precapillary sphincters?

Back 31

1. low content of elastin and collagen - for smooth muscle to attach to
2. high content of smooth muscle - turn valves on and off, produce big pressure drop to protect capillaries

Front 32

what is the function of arterioles and precapillary sphincters?

Back 32

regulate hydraulic resistance and produce greatest pressure drop

Front 33

what is the diameter of capillaries? what is the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries? total number?

Back 33

7-10 u; 4500 cm squared; 3 billion

Front 34

what is the composition of capillaries

Back 34

endothelium - rupture easily

Front 35

what is the function of the capillaries?

Back 35

1. regulate tissue fluid and gas exchange - maintain homeostasis, deliver fuels and take away wastes
2. retain protein w/i vascular compartment - maintain water balance

Front 36

is the pressure higher in the capillaries or right atrium?

Back 36

capillaries, the pressure is the lowest in the right atrium

Front 37

at any given point, how much blood is on the venous side?

Back 37

2/3 of the blood

Front 38

what is the diameter of the venules?
what are their cross sectional area? number?

Back 38

15-50 u; 4000 cm squared; 10 million

Front 39

composition of venules is what?

Back 39

1. collagen
2. very little elastin or smooth muscle - not actively contracting

Front 40

function of venules is what?

Back 40

volume capacitance

Front 41

diameter of small veins is what? cross-sectional area? number?

Back 41

50-1000 u; 40 cm squared; 500, 000

Front 42

what is the composition of small veins?

Back 42

low content of elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle

Front 43

function of small veins

Back 43

1. volume capacitance (2/3 of total blood volume)
2. regulation of circulating volume
3. constrict - vasoconstriction occurs on venous side

Front 44

what is the diameter of large veins? cross-sectional area? number?

Back 44

greater than 1 mm; 18 cm squared; 500

Front 45

composition of large veins?

Back 45

moderate content of elastin and collagen and low content of smooth muscle

Front 46

function of large veins

Back 46

1. some volume capacitance
2. skeletal muscle pump (venous valves) - help defeat effect of gravity, use skeletal muscle to facilitate venous return

Front 47

what is the network that holds blood vessels together?

Back 47

collagen

Front 48

what increases compliance? what decreases compliance?

Back 48

elastin ; arteriosclerosis

Front 49

aortic compliance determines what?

Back 49

pulse pressure

Front 50

pulse pressure = ?

Back 50

systolic - diastolic

Front 51

compliance = ?

Back 51

stroke volume / pulse pressure

Front 52

if you increase the strain on the heart it increases the cardiac output which also increases what?

Back 52

heart rate which then increases stroke volume which increases pulse pressure

Front 53

change in P (pulse pressure) is a function of what?

Back 53

stroke volume and compliance

Front 54

does a person w/ arteriosclerosis have a high pulse pressure or low pulse pressure?

Back 54

high b/c stiff

Front 55

1. flow = ?
2. total flow = ?

Back 55

1. velocity x cross-sectional area
and
pressure/resistance
2. cardiac output which equals heart rate x stroke volume

Front 56

volume of blood is higher on what side of the body?

Back 56

venous side

Front 57

where is the blood velocity the lowest?

Back 57

the capillaries, this is so diffusion can work

Front 58

compare the velocity in narrow and wide arteries?

Back 58

wide arteries have a slower velocity and narrow arteries have a higher velocity b/c the same amount of blood is going through so it has to go faster

Front 59

when your body gets conditioned, what happens to the cardiovascular system peripherally and centrally?

Back 59

peripherally - capillary density increases which increases collateral circulation
centrally - heart gets stronger and has a larger stroke volume

Front 60

is the largest cross-sectional area found in larger or smaller vessels?

Back 60

smaller

Front 61

what facilitates diffusion in the capillaries?

Back 61

the pH gradient, the pH is higher in the capillaries than it is in the cells

Front 62

how are the capillaries involved in thermoregulation?

Back 62

they have arteriovenous (A-V) shunts that facilitate heat exchange

Front 63

capillary bed facilitates what?

Back 63

nutrient exchange

Front 64

which vessels provide the bodies constant internal environment?

Back 64

capillaries

Front 65

do the capillaries have fenestrations?

Back 65

yes , these are ultramicroscopic pores 80-100 nm in diameter
(renal glomeruli, intestinal villi, gallbladder, many other glands)

Front 66

T or F capillaries have variation in diameter and permeability

Back 66

T

Front 67

what kind of networks do capillaries have?

Back 67

interconnecting networks w/ single capillaries up to 1 mm long

Front 68

T or F capillaries do not have tight junctions, pores, or vesicles (pinocytosis)

Back 68

F