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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiologically, which area does the Autonomic Nervous System coordinates?
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Cardiovascular
Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductives |
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Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems are both ________ divisions, that carry motor commands.
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EFFERENT
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What are the difference between Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System?
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Somatic Nervous System controls the skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System controls the visceral effectors. |
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What is the primary structural differences between Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System?
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SNS: motor neurons of the central nervous system exert direct control over skeletal muscles.
ANS: motor neurons of the central nervous system synapse on visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia, and these ganglionic neurons control visceral effectors |
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Where are the INTEGRATIVE CENTERS FOR AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY?
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Hypothalamus
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What are PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS?
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Preganglionics neurons are part of the visceral reflex arcs and most of their activities represent direct reflex responses.
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Where are PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS mainly found?
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Brain Stem
Spinal Cord |
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The ANS contains two primary subdivision called?
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Sympathetic Divsion
Parasympathetic Division |
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Why are the preganglionic fibers short and the postganglionic fibers long in sympathetic divison?
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Because the preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord synapse in the ganglia near the spinal cord.
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The Sympathetic Division is primarily responsible for what kind of activity?
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Prepares the body for heightened levels of somatic activity.
Fight or Flight Response |
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one INCREASE METABOLIC RATE?
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Sympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one STIMULATES URINATION AND DEFECATION?
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Parasympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one INCREASE MOTILITY AND BLOOD FLOW IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT?
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Parasympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one DECREASE HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE?
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Parasympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one HEIGHTENED MENTAL ALERTNESS?
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Sympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one ACTIVATES SWEAT GLANDS?
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Sympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one REDUCED DIGESTIVE AND URINARY FUNCTIONS?
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Sympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one INCREASE HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE?
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Sympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one DECREASE METABOLIC RATE?
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Parasympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one INCREASE RESPIRATORY RATE AND DILATION OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS?
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Sympathetic
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Between the Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division, which one INCREASED SECRETION BY SALIVARY AND DIGESTIVE GLANDS?
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Parasympathetic
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The sympathetic division have ganglionic activity around where?
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Thoracolumbar, from the thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord synapse in ganglia near the spinal cord.
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The parasympathetic division have ganglionic activity around where
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Originate in the brain stem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord and they synapse in ganglia very close to the target organs.
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Where are the PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS of the SYMPATHETIC locate?
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Located between segments of T1 and L2 of the spinal cord.
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Where are the CELL BODIES of the PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS found?
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Situated in the lateral gray horns and their axon enter the ventral root of these segments
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Name the 3 different types of GANGLIONIC NEURONS?
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Sympahetic chain ganglia
Collateral ganglia Suprarenal medullae |
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Where is the sympathetic chain ganglia located?
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Lies on both side of the vertebral column
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What are the function of the sympathetic chain ganglia?
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Neurons in these ganglia control effectors in the body wall, inside the thoracic activity and in the head and limbs
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Where is the Collateral ganglia located?
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Anterior to the vertebral bodies
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What are the function of collateral ganglia?
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Contain ganglionic neurons that innervate tissues and organs in the abdominopelvic activity
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Where is the Suprarenal Medullae located?
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Center of the each suprarenal gland
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What is the function of the SUPRARENAL MEDULLAE?
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Release of neurotransmitter into the capillaries allow them to function as hormones that affect target cells throughout the body
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______ _______ carries myelinated preganglionic fibers into a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion.
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White ramus
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True or False: The path of the unmyelinated postganglioinic fibers differ depending on whether their target lie?
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True
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Postganglionic fibers that control visceral effectors in the body wall, head, neck, or limbs enter the ____ ______ and return to the _____ ____ for subsequent distribution?
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Gray Ramus
Spinal Nerve |
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Postganglionic fibers that innervates the structures of the thoracic cavity form bundles called what/
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Sympathetic nerves
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Synapses that use Ach as a transmitter is called?
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Cholinergic
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Neurons that uses NE as a neurotransmitter are called what?
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Adrenergic
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Define VARIOCISITY?
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A swollen segment that is packed with neurotransmitter vesicles
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The autonomic nervous system is responsible for 5 physiological functions what are they?
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Describe how the ANS is organized by the ganglionics
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What are the two subdivision of ANS and describe their differences?
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What are 3 types of ganglionics and describe there differences?
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Describe how the stimulation of sympathetic neurons leads to the release of various transmitters?
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What are two classes of sympathetic receptors?
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Alpha Receptors
Beta Receptors |
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Between the two classes of sympathetic receptors, which one is more stimulate by norepinephrine? stimulated by epinephrine?
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Norepinephrine stimulate alpha receptors to a greater degree.
Epinephrine stimulate both classes of receptors. |
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Localized sympathetic activity involves?
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Release of NE at varicosities and thus primarily effect alpha receptors located near the active varicosities.
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Generalized sympathetic activity involves?
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Release of E by the suprarenal medulla affect alpha and beta receptors throughout the body.
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What kind of protein are ALPHA and BETA receptors?
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G proteins
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What are two types of ALPHA RECEPTORS?
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Alpha 1
Alpha 2 |
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Of the two Alpha Receptors, which one is more common?
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Alpha 1
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What is the function of Alpha1?
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Alpha 1 release of intracellular calcium ions onto the cytosol from reserves in the ER.
Excitatory effect on target cell |
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What is the function of Alpha 2?
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Lowering of cAMP levels in the cytoplasm.
Inhibitory effect on the cell. |
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Why is cAMP important?
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Important second messenger that can activate or inactivate key enzymes.
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Stimulation of alpha receptors causes what?
Stimulation of beta receptors causes what? |
Activates enzymes on the inside of plasma membrane
Triggers changes in the metabolic activity of the target cell. |
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Identify all the Beta receptors?
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Beta receptors 1
Beta receptors 2 Beta receptors 3 |
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What is the function of Beta Receptor 1?
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Increase in metabolic activity
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What is the function of Beta Receptor 2?
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Causes inhibition, triggering a relaxation of smooth muscles along the respiratory tract.
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What is the function of Beta 3 Receptors?
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Lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides store within adipocytes.
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Compare all the Alpha and Beta Receptors of the Sympathetic Divison
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True or False: All the ganglionic neurons are located in the same ganglion and their postganglionic fibers influence the same target organ in the Parasympathetic divisions?
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TRUE
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Where does the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division leave to carry the cranial parasympathetic output.
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CN III: OCULOMOTOR
CN VII: FACIAL CN IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL CN X: VAGUS |
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Which cranial nerve provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavity and provide 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow?
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CN X: VAGUS
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In the parasympathetic division, preganglionic fibers form distinct?
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Pelvic nerves, which innervate intramural ganglia in the walls of the kidneys, urinary bladder, terminal portions of the large intestine, and sex organs.
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Identify major effects produced by the parasympathetic division?
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Constriction of the pupils
Secretion by digestive glands Secretion of hormones Changes in blood flow Increase smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract Stimulation and coordination of defecation Contraction of urinary bladder during urination Constriction of respiratory passageways Reduction in heart rate |
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Why is the parasympathetic division sometimes referred to as the anabolic system?
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Because its stimulation leads to the general increase in the nutrient content of the bloods.
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True or False: All parasympathetic neurons release ACh as a neurotransmitter?
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True
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Why is the stimulation of Parasympathetic Activation Short Lived and Localized?
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Because most of the ACh released is inactivated by acetylcholinesterase at the synapse.
Any ACh diffusing into the surround tissue will be inactivated by the enzyme tissue cholinesterase or pseudocholinesterase. |
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Identify 2 ACh receptors occur on the postsynaptic membrane
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Nicotinic Receptors
Muscarinic Receptors |
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Where are NICOTINIC RECEPTORS located?
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Located on the surfaces of ganglion cells of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisIon
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What are the functions of NICOTINIC RECEPTORS?
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Exposed to AC always causes excitation of the ganglionic neuron or muscle fiber by the opening of chemically gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane
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Between Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors, which one is a G protein?
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Muscarinic receptors
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Between Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors, which one produce longer lasting effects?
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Muscarinic receptors
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Where are Muscarinic Receptor found?
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Cholinergic neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions.
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What are the functions of Muscarinic Receptors?
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Reflects the activation or inactivation of specific enzymes, can be excitatory or inhibitatory
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Each ganglion in the _______ chain innervates a particular body segment or group of segments?
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Sympathetic
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Where does the Cervical, inferior lumbar, and sacral chain ganglia receive preganglionic innervation from?
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Spinal segments T1-L2
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Every spinal nerve receives a ______ ____ from a ______ of the sympathetic chain
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Gray Ramus
Ganglion |
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Only the _____ and ______ _____ _____ receive preganglion fibers from white ramus?
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Thoracic
Superior Lumbar Ganglia |
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What is the function of CELIAC TRUNK?
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A major artery supplying the stomach, spleen, and liver
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What does the CELIAC GANGLION consist of?
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A pair of interconnected masses of gray matter situated at the base of the artery.
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The CELIAC GANGLION can form what?
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A single mass or many small, interwoven masses.
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The CELIAC GANGLION will innervate what structure?
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Stomach
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen |
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The SUPERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLION will innervate what structure?
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Small intestine
Proximal third of the large intestine |
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The INFERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLION will innervate what structure?
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Terminal portion of the large intestine
Kidney Urinary Bladder Sex organs |
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Define SUPRARENAL MEDULLA?
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Modified sympathetic ganglion where preganglionic fibers synapse on neuroendocrine cells into the bloodstream
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The neuroendocrine cells secretes what kind of neurotransmitter?
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Norepinephrine
Epinephrine |
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Define DUAL INNERVATION?
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Dual innervation is the receiving instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
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True or False: Where DUAL INNERVATION exists, the two division commonly have similar effects?
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False: have opposite effects
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Define AUTONOMIC TONE?
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Background level of activity
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To understand more about AUTONOMIC TONE?
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Read page 545-546 for examples
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What are VISCERAL REFLEXES?
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Visceral reflexes provide automatic motor responses that be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those of the hypothalamus
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List all components of a VISCERAL REFLEX ARC?
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VISCERAL REFLEX ARC
- Receptor - Sensory neuron - Processing centers - 2 visceral motor neurons |
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True or False: Only certain visceral reflexes are polysynaptic; they are either long reflexes or short reflexes?
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False: ALL visceral reflexes are polysynaptic; they are either long reflexes or short reflexes.
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one contain visceral sensory neurons deliver information to the CNA along the dorsal roots of spinal nerves?
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LONG REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, contains sensory neurons and interneurons whose cell bodies are located within autonomic ganglia?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, CONTROL VERY SIMPLE MOTOR RESPONSES WITH LOCALIZED EFFECTS?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one COORDINATE THE ACTIVITIES OF AN ENTIRE ORGAN?
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LONG REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one bypass the CNS entirely?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one contain visceral sensory neurons deliver information to the CNA along the dorsal roots of spinal nerves?
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LONG REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, contains sensory neurons and interneurons whose cell bodies are located within autonomic ganglia?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, CONTROL VERY SIMPLE MOTOR RESPONSES WITH LOCALIZED EFFECTS?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one COORDINATE THE ACTIVITIES OF AN ENTIRE ORGAN?
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LONG REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one bypass the CNS entirely?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one CONTROL PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY IN ONE SMALL PART OF A TARGET ORGAN?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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In general, between long and short reflexes, which one is more important in regulating visceral activities, with the exception of the digestive tract and its associated glands?
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LONG REFLEXES
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Between long reflexes and short reflexes, which one CONTROL PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY IN ONE SMALL PART OF A TARGET ORGAN?
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SHORT REFLEXES
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In general, between long and short reflexes, which one is more important in regulating visceral activities, with the exception of the digestive tract and its associated glands?
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LONG REFLEXES
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The _____ division participates in a variety of reflexes that affect individual organs and system (specialization), whereas the ______ division typically activates as a whole, in part because it has such a higher degree of divergence and release of hormones by the suprarenal medullae produces peripheral effect
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Parasympathetic
Sympathetic |
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The levels of activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of ANS are mainly coordinate where?
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Medulla oblongata
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Swallowing, salivation, digestive, secretions, peristalsis, and urinary function are all control by what center?
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Regulated by the hypothalamus
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What are 3 characteristics of of HIGHER ORDER FUNCTIONS?
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Cerebral cortex is require for their performance and they involve complex interactions among areas of the cortex and between the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain.
They involve both conscious and unconscious information processing. They are not part of the programmed "wiring" of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. |
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What are the difference between FACT MEMORIES and SKILL MEMORIES?
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Fact memories are specific bits of information
Skill memories are learn motor behaviors |
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Identify 2 classes of memories?
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Short term/Primary memories
Long term memories |
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Compare and contrast long term and short term memories
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Short Term
- Don't last long - Persistance can recall mem. Long Term - Last longer |
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What can you do with short term memories in order to ensure they convert to long term memory?
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Repition
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What is the term for CONVERSION FROM SHORT TERM MEMORY TO LONG TERM MEMORY?
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MEMORY CONSOLIDATION
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What are 2 types of LONG TERM MEMORY?
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Secondary memories: are long term memories that fade with time and may require considerable effort to recall.
Tertiary memories: are long term memories that are with you for a lifetime |
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What are areas of the brain that are essential components to memory consolidation?
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Amygdaloid body
Hippocampus |
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What happens if the hippocampus is damage?
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Inability to convert short term memories to new long term memories, although existing long term memories remain in tact and accessible.
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What happens if the nucleus basalis was damage?
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Changes in the emotional states, memory, and intellectual functions
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Most long term memories are stored where?
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Cerebral cortex
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Define MEMORY ENGRAM?
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Memory engram is a single circuit that corresponds to a single memory
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True or False: Blocking N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (chemically gated calcium channels) in the hippocampus prevents short term memory?
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False prevents long term memory formation
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What are some characterization of DEEP SLEEP?
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Entire body is relax.
Activity in the cerebral cortex is minimum. Heart rate, blood pressure, respirator rate, and energy utilization are decline b up to 30% |
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What are other terms for DEEP SLEEP?
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SLOW WAVE
NON-REM (NREM) |
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What are some characterization of RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP (REM)?
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Active dreaming occurs.
Changes in blood pressure and respiratory rate. Muscle tone decreases |
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State of consciousness is determine by which area of the brain?
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Interactions between the reticular formation and the cerebral cortex
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Define RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)?
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Diffuse netwok in the reticular formation that tends from the medulla oblongata to the mesencephalon.
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If the RAS is inactive, what happens to the cerebral cortex?
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Inactive as well
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Stimulation of this area has the most pronounced and long lasting effects on the cerebral cortex?
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Mesencephalon
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Which transmitter causes alertness? causes sleepiness?
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Norepinephrine
Serotonin |
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What are some anatomical changes in the nervous due to aging?
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Reduction in brain size and weight
Reduction in number of neurons A decrease in blood flow to the brain Decrease in synaptic activities Abnormal intracellular and extracellular changes in the CNS neurons |
