Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration

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RANGE OF A PIGMENT'S ABILITY TO ABSORB VARIOUS WAVELENGHTS OF LIGHT

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ABSORPTION SPECTRUM

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ENTRY COMPOUND FOR THE KREBS CLYCLE IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FORMED FROM PYRUVATE

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ACETYL CoA

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NUCLEOTIDE with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become atp

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ADP

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containing oxygen; referring to an organism, enviornment or cellular process that requires oxygen

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aerobic

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nucleotide with one phosphate group that van vecome ATP with the addition of two phosphate groups

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AMP

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lacking oxygen, referring to an organism enviornment or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.

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ANAEROBIC

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several hundred chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid molecules that function as a light gathering unit to absorb photons and pass energy from molecule to molecule.

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ANTENNA COMPLEX

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nucleotide with theree phosphate groups that contains chemically bonded energy that can be used for the energ-requiring processes in cells.

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ATP

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cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial cristae that functionin chemiosmosis by providing a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion.

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ATP SYNTHASE

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the formation of adenosine triphosphate. (ATP)

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ATP SYNTHESIS

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organism that uses energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

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AUTOTROPH

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uses the CALVIN CYCLE for the initial steps that incorporate carbon dioxide into organic material, forminf a theree-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

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C plant
3

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prefaces the CALVIN CYCLE with reactions that incorporate carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle.

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C plant
4

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second of two major stages in photosynthesis involving atomspheric carbon dioxide fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

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Calvin Cycle

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uses crassulacean acid metabolism to fix carbon dioxide at night to produce a C4 molecule that releases carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle during the day.

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CAM plant

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incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophiv organism.

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Carbon fixation

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accessory pigments, yellow and orange, in the chloroplasts of plants that absorb wavelenghts of light that chlorophyll cannot and therefore broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

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Carotenoids

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metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

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Catabolic pathway

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most common and efficent catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is cnsumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.

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Cellular respiration

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production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients avross membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powere most ATP synthesis in cells.

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CHEMIOSMOSIS

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organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.

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CHEMOAUTOTROPH

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green pigmeNT located within the chloroplasts of plants that absorbs solar energy and is important in photosynthesis.

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CHLOROPHYLL

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membrane-bound organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containg membranous thylakoids and is the site for photosynthesis.

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CHLOROPLAST

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nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound.

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COENZYME

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infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

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CRISTAE

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route opf electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.

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cyclic electron flow

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in photosynthesis, the path taken by a light-excited electron from a photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.

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cyclic phosphorylation

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any of several iron-containg protein prigments that serve as electron carriers in transport chains of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

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cytochrome complex

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CYTOCHROME COMPLEX

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series of iron-containg protein pigments that serve as electron carries in transport chains of photosyntheis and cellular respiration.

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DEPHOSPHORYLATION

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evidenced by the removal of a phosphate from a molecule.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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solar radiation divided on the basis of wavelength, with gamma rays having the shortest wavelength and radio waves have the longest wavelength.

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passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level producing energy which is used in the production of ATP.

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ELECTRON TRANport system

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reduced coenzyme that links glycosis and the KREBS cycke to oxidative phosphorylation.

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fadh
2

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anaerobic breakdown of glucos ethat results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate.

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fermentation

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membrane-bound protein serving as an electron acceptor in photosystem I.

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ferredoxin

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product of the Calvin cycle that can be combined to form glucose in other cellular processes.

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g3p

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simple sugar that contains bond energy that is released during cellular respiration.

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glucose

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meabolic pathway that is charavterized by the splitting of glucose into pyruvate

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glycolysis

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stacks of chlorophyll-containg thylakoids in a chloroplast

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grana

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heterotroph

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organism that cannot synthesize organic compunds from inorganic substances and therefore must take in performed food.

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chemical cycle, taking place in the mitochondria, involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide.

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krebs cycle

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steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.

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light reactions

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INNER, THICKEST LAYER OF A LEAG CONSISTING OF PALISADE AND SPONGY MESOPHYLL THAT IS SPECIALIZED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

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MESOPHYLL

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COENZYME PRESENT IN ALL CELLS THAT HELPS ENZYMES TRANSFER ELECTRONS DURING THE REDOX REACTIONS OF METABOLISM.

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NAD+

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REDUCED COENZYME THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT PART IN ENERGY FLOW IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

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NADH

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COENZYME THAT BECOMES NADPH DURING THE LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND REDUCES PARTICIPANTS IN THE CALBIN CYLE DURING THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS.

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NADP+

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ROUTE OF ELECTRON FLOW DURING THE LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS THAT INVOLVES BOTH PHOTOSYSTEMS AND PRODUCES ATP,NADPH, AND OXYGEN; THE NET ELECTRON FLOW IS FROM WATER TO NADP+.

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NON CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW

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PRODUCTION OF ATP BY NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW AND NADPH.

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NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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LOSS OF ELECTRONS FROM A SUBSTANCE INVOLVED WITH REDOX REACTIONS.

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OXIDATION

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CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVING THE TRANSFER OF ONE OR MORE ELCECTRONS FROM ONE REACTANT TO ANOTHER.

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REDOX REACTIONS

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PRODUCTION OF ATP USING ENERGY DERIVED FROM THE REDOX REACTIONS OF AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.

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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN A REDOX REACTION.

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OXIDIZING AGENT

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REACTION CENTER CHLOROPHYLL POSITIONED NEAR A STRONG A MEMBRANE-BOUND ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN PHOTOSYSTEM II, THAT PASSES ENERGY TO A PRIMARY ELECTON ACCEPTOR.

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P680

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REACTION CENTER CHLOROPHYLL POSITIONED NEAR A STRONG A MEMBRANE-BOUND ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN PHOTOSYSTEM I, THAT PASSES ENERGY TO A PRIMARY ELECTON ACCEPTOR.

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P700

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EVIDENCED BY THE ADDITION OF A PHOSPHATE MOLECULE

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PHOSPHORYLATED

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ORGANISM THAT HARNESSES LIGHT ENERGY TO DRIVE THE SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM CARBON DIOXIDE.

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PHOTOAUTOTROPH

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QUANTUM, OR DISCRETER AMOUNT, OF ENERGY.

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PHOTONS

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process of generation ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

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PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds.

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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light-harvesting unit in photosynthesis,located on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and consisting of the antenna complex, the reacion-center chlorphll a , and the primary electron acceptor.

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PHOTOSYSTEM

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molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects or transmits others.

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PIGMENT

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receives excited electrons from the reaction center chlorophyll

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PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

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difference in electrochemical balance resulting from an unequal distribution of hydrogen ions on either side of a biological membrane.

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PROTON GRADIENT

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POTENTIAL ENEGY STORED INT THE FORM OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT, GENERATED BY THE PUMPING OF HYDROGEN IONS ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES DURING CHEMIOSMOSIS.

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PROTON-MOTIVE FORCE

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END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS.

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PYRUVATE

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SPECIFIC MOLECULE THAT RECEIVES EXCITED ENERGY WITHIN THE PHOTOSYSTEM AND PASEES THEI ENERGY TO THE PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR.

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REACTION CENTER

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ELECTRON DONOR IN A REDOX REACTION

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REDUCTING AGENT

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GAINING OF ELECTRONS BY A SUBSTANCE INVOLVED IN A REDOX REACTION.

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REDUCTION

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ENZYME THAT CATALYZES THE FIRST STEP OF THE CALVIN CYCLE(ADDITION OF CO2 TO RuBP.

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RUBISCO

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MICROSCOPIC PORES SURROUNDED BY GUARD CELLS IN THE EPIDERMIS OF LEAVES AND STEMS THAT ALLOWS GAS EXCHANCE.

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STROMATA

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fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

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stroma

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formaiton of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a n intermediat(diphosoglyceride) substrate in catabolism.

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substrate-level phosphorylation

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flatened membrande sav inside the chloroolast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

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thylakoid

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an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

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ubiquinone

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primary xylem and primary phloem enclosed by a bundle sheath serving as a trasnport system for water and nutrients.

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vascular bundle

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portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as carious colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 400nm to about 700nm.

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visible light