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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
photon
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unit of light
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wavelength
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peak of one wave to the next
shorter wavelength= more energy measured in nanometers/angstroms |
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3 forms of light
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1. some absorbed (containers)
2. transmitted (like a tent, least common) 3. reflected (bounces off, only one you can technically see) |
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white light
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all light colors in visible spectrum mixed together, cancels out any color
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absorption + reflection
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absorption + reflection = 100%
-50% or above- we see color |
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chloroplasts
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-double membrane
-have their own DNA (divide based on need) -contain grana |
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grana
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stacks of pigment in chloroplasts surrounded by a thylakoid membrane
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thylakoid membrane
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chloroplast's inner membrane system often folded as flattened sacs that forms continuous compartment inside stroma
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stroma
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semifluid matrix btwn thylakoid membrane and 2 outer membranes of chloroplast in which products of photosynthesis are built
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cutin
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waxy layer made of lipids on epidermises of leaf
-shiny, reflect excess light |
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photosynthesis reaction
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12 water + 6 carbon dioxide + light and pigment = 6 water + 6 carbon dioxide + C6H12O6 (glucose)
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What does a plant need for photosynthesis to occur?
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1. water...from ground
2. carbon dioxide...from atmosphere 3. light...for use in mesophyll/guard cells 4. pigment...found in chloroplasts |
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Why do you need a hole in the epidermis/guard cells?
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*gas exchange (take in CO2, let out O2)
but...they lose water in the form of vapor b/c of heat (not liquid- H bonds) |
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guard cell's thick wall
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hard, pulls opening of guard cells open, cell expands b/c of water
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guard cell's thin wall
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outer wall, pulled and shaped by turgor pressure
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potassium pump
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plant function in which potassium is pumped into a guard cell, gradient created, water diffuses into cells, turgor pressure created, stomate opens
*needs ATP to function |
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function of chloroplast
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make energy to make glucose (food) which then goes to mitochondria which converts it to ATP- usable energy form
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electron transport systems
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-transport electrons from protein to protein through redox reactions
-less energy w/ every transfer -most efficient form of energy creation |
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ATP synthase
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membrane protein, trasnports H+ ions from one side of membrane to the other b/c of gradient (no energy required)
-movement of H+ ions makes energy for phosphorylation |
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chemiosmosis
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process of making ATP from concentration gradient of H+ ions (what happens at ATP synthase)
*very efficient |
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photosystem
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group of proteins in a plastid, take sun's energy and make glucose (only plants)
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photolysis
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brakes up water molecules
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P680 or photosystem II
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initially excites electron, sending it from molecule to molecule on thylakoid membrane (loses energy each time)
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P700 or photosystem I
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re-excites the electron, shooting it into stroma where it's picked up by nadp which is then reduced
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main reactants of light dependent reaction
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1. water
2. sun 3. ATP synthase 4. NADP+ 5. photosystem 6. enzymes |
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main products of light dependent reaction
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1. oxygen
2. ATP 3. NADPH |
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purpose of photolysis
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get rid of oxygen, resupply electrons, use gradient once water molecules are broken
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type of phosphorylation of light dependent reaction
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electron transport phosphorylation (chemiosmosis), most efficient type
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location of light independent reaction
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stroma (where ATP, NADPH were thrown out)
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carbon fixation or Calvin Benson Cycle
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attaching carbon from inorganic molecule to an organic molecule
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reactants of of light independent reaction
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1. carbon dioxide
2. rubisco 3. RuBP 4. water 5. NADPH 6. ATP |
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products of of light independent reaction
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1. PGAL
2. starch 3. RuBP 4. ADP 5. phosphate groups 6. NADP+ |
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stomate density
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for comparison purposes:
-leaves of different environments -different size/species of leaves -based on percents |
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C3 plants
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carbon fixation occurs once (2 PGA's)
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C4 plants
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-adaption to hot, dry weather, can't afford to open stomates very often
-store extra CO2 as oxaloacetate (4carbons) in bundle sheath cells -reconverted to CO2 to be used in carbon fixation |
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CAM plants
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-hot/dry environments
-no extra storage, just grow slowly (metabolism slows) -when CO2 runs out, perform C-B Cycle, can't produce glucose/energy |
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photorespiration
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-close stomate, run out of CO2
-plants use O2 w/ RuBP instead of CO2 to make sugar (makes 1/2 amount of PGA) -limited since carbon will be exhausted |