Photography

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Calotype

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an early negative-positive photographic process, patented by William Henry Talbot in 1841, in which a paper negative is produced and then used to make a positive contact print in sunlight.

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Camera Lucida

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an optical instrument, often attached to the eyepiece of a microscope, by which the image of an external object is projected on a sheet of paper or the like for tracing.

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Camera Obscura

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a darkened boxlike device in which images of external objects, received through an aperture, as with a convex lens, are exhibited in their natural colors on a surface arranged to receive them: used for sketching, exhibition purposes, etc.

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Daguerreotype

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an obsolete photographic process, invented in 1839, in which a picture made on a silver surface sensitized with iodine was developed by exposure to mercury vapor.

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Exposure

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a. the act of presenting a photosensitive surface to rays of light.
b. the total amount of light received by a photosensitive surface or an area of such a surface, expressed as the product of the degree of illumination and the period of illumination.
c. the image resulting from the effects of light rays on a photosensitive surface.

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Latent Image

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an invisible image, produced on a sensitized emulsion by exposure to light, that will emerge in development.

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Negative

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Photography. noting an image in which the brightness values of the subject are reproduced so that the lightest areas are shown as the darkest.

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Positive

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Photography. a positive image, as on a print or transparency

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Ambrotype

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an early type of photograph, made by placing a glass negative against a dark background

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Carte-de-visite

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A photographic picture of the size formerly in use for a visiting card.

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Collodion

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yellowish, viscous, highly flammable solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol: used in the manufacture of photographic film, in engraving and lithography, and in medicine chiefly for cementing dressings and sealing wounds.

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Tintype/Ferrotype

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Also called tintype. a positive photograph made on a sensitized sheet of enameled iron or tin.

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Wetplate

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\Wet plate\ (Photog.) A plate the film of which retains its sensitiveness only while wet. The film used in such plates is of collodion impregnated with bromides and iodides. Before exposure the plate is immersed in a solution of silver nitrate, and immediately after exposure it is developed and fixed.

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View Camera

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a camera equipped with a lens mount and film holder that can be raised or set at an angle, a bellows that can be additionally extended, and a back that has a ground glass for focusing, used especially for portraits and landscapes.

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Pre-Raphelite

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any of a group of English artists (Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood) formed in 1848, and including Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who aimed to revive the style and spirit of the Italian artists before the time of Raphael.

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Alfred, Lord Tennyson

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Alfred, Lord (1st Baron), 1809–92, English poet: poet laureate 1850–92.British poet whose works, including In Memoriam (1850) and "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1854), reflect Victorian sentiments and aesthetics. He was appointed poet laureate in 1850.

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Gelatin

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Also called gelatin slide. Theater. a thin sheet made of translucent gelatin colored with an aniline dye, placed over stage lights, and used as a color medium in obtaining lighting effects.

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Film

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a cellulose nitrate or cellulose acetate composition made in thin sheets or strips and coated with a sensitive emulsion for taking photographs. a strip or roll of this.
the coating of emulsion on such a sheet or strip or on a photographic plate.

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zoetrope

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a device for giving an illusion of motion, consisting of a slitted drum that, when whirled, shows a succession of images placed opposite the slits within the drum as one moving image

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Hand-Held Camera

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Hand-held camera or hand-held shooting is a film and video technique in which a camera is literally held in the camera-operator's hands--as opposed to being plac

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Amateur

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a person who engages in a study, sport, or other activity for pleasure rather than for financial benefit or professional reasons

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George, Eastmen

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Eastman, George, 1854-1932, American inventor, industrialist, and philanthropist, b. Waterville, N.Y. By mass production of his photographic inventions, Eastman enormously stimulated the development of photography as a popular hobby. He invented a dry-plate process and established (1880) a factory at Rochester, N.Y., for making the plates; he devised a roll film and the Kodak camera (1888) to use it, as well as a process for color photography (1928). The Eastman Kodak Company, founded in 1892, was one of the first firms in America to establish a plant for large-scale production of a standardized product and to maintain a fine chemical laboratory; its progressive welfare program included a profit-sharing plan. Eastman's philanthropies were estimated at over $100 million: the principal recipients were the Univ. of Rochester and the Eastman School of Music, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tuskegee and Hampton institutes, Rochester Dental Dispensary, and dental clinics in several European capitals. In 1932 after a long illness Eastman committed suicide.

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Fixed Focus

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A camera with fixed focus has no focus control. The focus is preset once and for all, at a distance for which the depth of field will suffice for most subjects. With a slowish and moderately wide lens for a frame (negative, slide, or CCD) of 24×36mm or below, the depth of field may go from one meter to infinity.
Fixed focus is generally only used on cheaper cameras, whether old (box cameras), newer (disposable "single-use" cameras) or contemporary (mobile phone cameras).

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Kodak

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a brand of portable camera introduced by George Eastman in 1888, using a roll of film and intended for taking snapshots.

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Shutter Speed

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In photography, shutter speed is the time for which the shutter is held open during the taking of a photograph to allow light to reach the film or image sensor (in a digital camera).

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snapshot

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A snap shot is a shot that is aimed and fired very quickly at a target that appears suddenly and for a very short period o

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Viewfinder

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optical device that helps a user to find the target of interest [syn: finder]

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Marxist

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an adherent of Karl Marx or his theories

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Oeuvre

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the works of a writer, painter, or the like, taken as a whole.

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Cyanotype

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a process of photographic printing, used chiefly in copying architectural and mechanical drawings, that produces a blue line on a white background. a print made by this process.

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Graflex

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Graflex was a manufacturer, a brand name and several models of cameras. William F. Folmer, an inventor, built the first Graflex camera in 1898, when his company was called Folmer and Schwing. Founded originally in New York as a bicycle company, it had branched into making cameras, which then became its main business.

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Pictorialism

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ine Arts. the creation or use of pictures or visual images, esp. of recognizable or realistic representations.
2. emphasis on purely photographic or scenic qualities for its own sake, sometimes with a static or lifeless effect: The movie's self-conscious pictorialism makes it little more than a travelogue.

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Single Lens Reflex

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one type (single-lens reflex camera), light passes through the same lens to both the ground glass and the film,

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Viewfinder

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a. a range finder.
Also called viewfinder. a camera part or attachment enabling a photographer to determine what will be included in the picture.

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Gum Bichromate

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Gum bichromate is a photographic printing process. It can be repeated on the same sheet of paper for a multichromatic result. Traditionally it is contact method, though any method which selectively emits ultraviolet light can be used. The process coats plain paper with a photo reactive chemical mixture, exposes an image, then goes through a simple development stage.

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Photo-scession

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an association of photographers founded in New York City in 1902 by Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen that advocated the development and public recognition of photography as a fine art.

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Photogravure

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any of various processes, based on photography, by which an intaglio engraving is formed on a metal plate, from which ink reproductions are made.

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The Little Galleries

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he Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (later known as 291) was a tiny fine art photography gallery in New York City created and run by Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen from November 1905 to 1917.
The gallery helped bring art photography, initially that in the Pictorialist style, to the same level of appreciation in America as painting and sculpture.