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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Importance of Oral Communication
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Primary means of human interacting, expressing feelings & ideas, expressing needs & wants, asking questions, venting frustrations, causing & effecting change
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why is oral communication is complex?
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must use & understand abstract, arbitrary symbols, many combos of words, phonemes, morphemes etc, use o huge amount of neurons, encompasses all bodily systems in its feedback function
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What type of function is oral communication
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overlaid
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Define communication disorders
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impairment in the ability to receive, send, process and/or comprehend language concepts or graphic symbols, verbal or nonverbal
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Define speech disorder
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an impairment of articulation, fluency or voice
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Define language disorder
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impairment in the receiving, sending, processing & comprehension of verbal/nonverbal concepts and graphic symbols includes;
form content use |
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What are the three aspects of language
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Form
Content Use |
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What does form involve?
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Phonology, morphology & syntax
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What does content involve?
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Semantics
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What does use involve?
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Pragmatics
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Define Articulation
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The adjustments and movement of speech structures and vocal tract necessary for modifying the breath stream for producing the phonemes for speech.
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What does Articulation involve?
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Force extended
Accuracy in placement Speed of response Timing/Duration Neural integration of all events Direction of movements |
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What percentage of communication disorders are disorders of articulation?
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75-85%
most prevelant and varied |
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Is stuttering a type of articulation disorder?
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NO.
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What is an FAD?
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Functional Articulation Disorder - it has no known organic cause
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What are the four types of Articulation or Phonological Errors?
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Substitutions
Omissions Distortions Additions |
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What is a phonetic articulation error?
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Error of Speech
Error of performance; motor skill |
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What is a phonemic phonological error?
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Error of Language: it is linguistically based.
Don't know where sounds are supposed to go. |
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What is the difference between an articulation error and a pronunciation error?
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Articulation errors are mispronounced consistently
Pronunciation errors include one or two mispronounced words only. |
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What is a phonological rule/process?
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Statements that account for errors.
Simplifications of the sound system. |
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What is phonological process analysis?
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Attempt to describe misarticulations. Provide explanations and/or rules.
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How do we decide whether it is a articulatory or phonological disorder?
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Unless it can be demonstrated that the problem is one of motor skills (articulation) then it is referred to as a Phonological Disorder.
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What are the reasons for calling it a Phonological Disorder?
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Must learn the phonology of language.
Errors are often spread over groups of sounds Motor production of some sounds is more difficult. |
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When assessing a child we must always consider what?
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Motor skills development AND
Phonological rule acquisition. |
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What is a cognate pair?
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Phonemes are produced in the same place and manner, but differ in VOICING.
/p/ - /b/ |
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What is cognate confusion?
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The substitution of the voiceless sound for its voiced cognate or vice versa.
boat = poat toad = doad |
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What is homorganic?
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Phonemes that are produced in the same place but differ in one or more features (not just voicing).
/p/-/b/-/m/ OR /t/-/d/-/s/-/z/ |
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Are cognate pairs homorganic?
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Yes. But not all homorganics are cognate pairs.
/m/ - /b/ |
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What is a minimal pair?
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Words that are alike in sound but differ in one phonetic feature (not only consonants).
coat - goat mit-meet |
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What is an Allophone?
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Variation of a phoneme. May be in free variation or complementary distribution.
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Why do people produce allophonic variations?
Interspeaker (btwn people) |
age, sex, personal idiosyncrasies, dialect, physical, pathologies, resonance, teeth, crisp/slurred, accents, fatigue
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Why do people produce allophonic variations?
Intraspeaker (within speaker) |
within ourselves, we produce differences, we don't duplicate from moment-to-moment, fatigue, boredom
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What are distinctive features?
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These are units smaller than phonemes that are used to define each sound. This is a binary system.
voicing, sonorant, front/back etc. |
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What is important to remember about acquisition of distinctive features?
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A person must acquire certain features before actual phonemes.
i.e. must have all the features of /b/ before they are able to produce /b/. |
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What are suprasegmetals?
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Events superimposed on a segment.
Intonation, Tempo, Loudness |
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What are three aspects that describe the interaction between segments in speech?
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Co-articulation
And the types of co-articulation: Adaptation Assimilation |
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What is Co-articulation?
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The influence that sounds exert on one another. Two or more speech sounds intermingling.
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What is progressive Co-articulation?
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Sound influence moves forward. Left-to-Right. Happens because of inertia of articulators, rate, or laziness.
i.e. nature /a/ is nasalized by /n/ |
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What is regressive Co-articulation?
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This is when a sound not yet produced changes a current sound. Right-to-Left. Caused by coding in brain of sound system.
i.e. /snuzd/ /s/ and /n/ are rounded by the /u/ sound. |
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What is the economy of effort?
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This is decreasing or reducing the number of articulatory movements
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What is adaptation?
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Variation of how sounds influence each other and the phonetic context that creates allophonic variations. Specific to changes in vocal tract & artic.
i.e. /kin/ /kIn/ /kan/ or /kun/ /kon/ /kan/ |
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What is assimilation?
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Pertains to specific sound change. A feature from one segment is adopted by another segment. Changed to be more similar to another sound.
i.e. sneeze vs snooze /s/ and /n/ affected by following vowel. |
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What is the difference btwn a Marked and Unmarked sound?
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A marked sound is more difficult and is acquired later.
An unmarked sound (natural sound) is acquired earlier and is more preferred by children. The more features a phoneme has the more marked it is. i.e. voiced (marked) voiceless (unmarked) |
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What are the models of phonological development?
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Behavioural, Linguistic, Psycholinguistic etc.
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What research methods were used to test infant perception?
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High Amplitude Sucking (HAS), Head Turn, Event related potentials (ERP)
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What were the results of early studies of infant perception?
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Capable of perceiving vowel diff's, can perceive diff's btwn liquids & laterals, can perceive diff's in place of artic for consonants, sensitive to certain stress patterns, can discriminate some diff's in fricatives.
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What are the prerequisites for production?
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control phonation
control variations of pitch control variations of volume control resonance such as nasal vs oral |
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What are the two areas of production?
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Pre-linguistic (0 to 12-18 mos)
Linguistic (12-18 mos +) |
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What are the stages of pre-linguistic productions?
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Reflexive - crying, digestive etc
Non-Reflexive Phonation (0-1 mos) Coo & Goo (2-3 mos) Exploration/Expansion (4-6 mos) Reduplicated Babbling (7-10 mos) Jargon (11-14 mos) |
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Phonation Stage (0-1 mos)
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Partially resonated sounds
Tongues still high; not directed when it moves Barely gaining control of vocal mechanism |
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Coo & Goo Stage (2-3 mos)
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Primarily vowel sounds (back)
Little bit of constriction because tongue is high. Back consonants. |
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Exploration/Expansion Stage (4-6 mos)
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More CV VC pairs; different types.
Raspberries, squealing, growling (pitch changes) 6 mos - CVCV (dada, mama, baba, not repeated) |
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Reduplicative Babbling (7-10 mos)
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Repeating syllables(exact), CVCV (dadadada)
Alternates consonant constriction with vowel resonating. Must do this to develop speech By 10 months, changes in intonation, longer syllable strings |
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Jargon Stage (11-14 mos)
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Not all children go through this stage!!!
"Primitive" words Appears to be using real words & sentences Pitch, loudness, timing okay but nonsence words Not meaningful, but have proper phonemes of language Words are emerging. |
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Rank the sound classes according to frequency in adult speech?
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1. Stops
2. Fricatives & affricates 3. Nasals 4. Glides, laterals, & semi-vowels |
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By what age should all vowel sounds be acquired?
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Age 3.
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What are 3 types of research methods?
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Cross-sectional
Longitudanal Combo |
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What variables do we need to consider when doing research?
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Ages
Stimulus Responses (imitated or spontaneous) Mastery (at what % is it mastered) |
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What is the new definition of "mastery"?
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51% of children at a given level will produce the sound correctly in at least TWO of the three positions. This is known as the 'age of customary production'.
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What is important to remember when using normative data to compare results?
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Must think of results in wide ranges (since they were from a large group)
Use data as guidelines Integrate the whole assessment |
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Those sounds & features acquired by age 3 are considered ______, and those acquired after are ______.
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Early, late.
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What are early nasals? and later?
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/m/ /n/ are early
'ng' is later. |
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Acquisition of stops
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/p/, /b/ are easiest and occur early.
Other stops have no particular order. Substitutions are within the sound class. i.e. /k/g/ or /t/k/ |
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Acquistion of fricatives & affricates.
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/f/ earliest (/v/ is a later sound)
No order for the others. Errors take on different styles. i.e. /p/f/ 2yrs - /t, d/ for /s/ is common 4yrs - 'th' for /s/ is common |
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Acquisition of liquids & glides
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/w/, "j" early
/l/, /r/ later /w/ is the most common substitution |
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Acquisition of consonant clusters.
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Later.
They are often simplified to one element, or replaced by another sound. clusters with /s/ most commonly eliminated. |
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What is the earliest contrast to develop in children?
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Vowel-consonant.
baba; cooing and gooing |
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Do front or back sounds develop earlier?
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Front.
i.e. If one sound is labial and the other is velar the labial is likely to develop before the velar. |
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What comes first; stops or fricatives?
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Stops.
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What develops first place of articulation or voicing?
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POA.
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What is the syllable pattern for early word development?
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CV, CVC, CVCV
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What needs to be acquired prior to speech?
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Suprasegmentals.
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What is needed before acquisition of syllabic stress?
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Need 2 syllables or more. This starts early but is gradual until the early school years.
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At what age do infants start to have the ability to control volume?
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12-14 mos begins. Should be acquired by 3-4 years. This is Speech Register.
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What are the first consonant sounds acquired?
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/m/ /n/ /p/ /w/ /h/
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