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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is Phonics the single most important factor in reading success?
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No
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When should Phonics instruction be finished?
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By the end of 2nd grade
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What is the purpose of phonics instruction?
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To assist children in systematically decoding words tha tare unknown to them by teaching them the relationships that exist between letters and speech
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What do sythetic phonics programs emphasize?
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The learningof individual sounds in isolation and then the blending of those sounds
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What does Analytic phonics emphasize?
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Whole words and then emphasis on individual sounds
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Phonics
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A method in which basic phonetics is uesd to teach beginning reading.
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Phonetics
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The study of human speech sounds
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Phoneme
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The smallest sound unit of a language that distinguishes one word from another.
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How many phonemes are there in English?
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44
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Phonemic Awareness
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The ability to recognize spoken words as a sequence of individual sounds
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Conosonant
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A sound represented by any letter of the English alphabet excpet a, e, i, o, u. Sounds made by closing or restricting the breath channel
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Consonant Blend
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Sounds in a syllbale represented by two or more letters that are blended together without losing their own identities
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Vowel
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A sound represented by a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y and w in the English alphabet. Sounds made without closing or restricting the breath channel. Cause your vocal chords to vibrate
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Diphthong
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A single vowel sound made up of a glide from one vowel sound to another in immediate sequence and pronounced in one syllable
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R-Controlled Vowel
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When a vowel letter is followed by the letter r, it affects the vowel sound so that it is neither short nor long
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Schwa Sound
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An unstressed sound commonly occurring in an unstressed syllables. Represented by the symbol e and resembles the short sound for u.
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Grapheme
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A letter or combination of letters that represent a phoneme
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How many ways are there to spell the phonemes?
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Over 200 ways
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Digraph
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Two letters that stand for a single phoneme
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Onset
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The consonant sound(s) of a syllable that come(s) before the vowel sound
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Rime
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The part of a syllable that includes the vowel sound and any consonant sound(s) that come(s) after it.
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Phonogram
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A letter sequence comprised of a vowel grapheme and ending consonant graphemes.
Generate word families |
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Closed Syllable
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Any syllable that ends with a consonant phoneme
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Open Syllable
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Any syllable that ends with a vowel sound
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Syllable
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A unit of pronunciation consisting of a vowel alone or a vowel with one or more consonants. There can be only one vowel phoneme in each syllable.
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Breve
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The orthographic symbol placed over a vowel letter to show it is pronounced as a short sound.
Sometimes called unglided |
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Macron
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An orthographic symbol placed over a vowel letter to show it is pronounced as a long sound
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Circumflex and Umlaut
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The orthographic symbols placed above vowel graphemes to indicate pronunciation
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How many consonant phonemes are there?
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25
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How many vowel phonemes are there?
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19
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Single Letter Consonants
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b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w y z
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What three consonants do not represent phonemes that are identified by their own names?
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C
Q X |
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What phonemes can C represent?
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/s/ or /k/
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What phonemes can Q represent?
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/k//w/ or /k/
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Double Letter Consonants
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/ch/
/hw/ /ng/ /sh/ /th/ /TH/ /zh/ |
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Long Vowels
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/a/- age
/e/-ease /i/- ice /o/- old /u/- use |
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Short Vowels
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/a/-an
/e/-end /i/- in /o/-odd /u/-up |
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Diphthongs
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/oi/- oil, boy
/ou/- out, owl /ew/- few |
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Double o
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/oo/- too, rule
/oo/- good, pudding |
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Other Vowels
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/a/- father, star
/a/- dare, air /u/- her, pearl /o/- auto, off, order |
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Schwa
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a- about, senator
o- occur, lemon e- effect, open i- pencil, notify u- circus, insulate au ai ou ea eo oi |
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Emergent Literacy
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The earliest phases of literacy development in the period between birth and the time when children read and write conventionally.
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What is the relationship of oral language and reading achievement?
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Oral language serves as an essential foundation for reading achievement
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Vygotsky
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For children to have thougths they must say them out loud
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What should oral language activities be like?
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Real experiences
It should arise naturally from the classroom activities Designed to be integrated with reading and writing |
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What are the two most basic tasks that teach phonemic awareness?
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Segmentation and blending
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What are some Phonemic Awareness strategies?
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Identify sounds in words
Categorize sounds in words Substitutesounds to make new words Blend sounds to form words Segment a word into sounds; Elkonin boxes |
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What are some good Phonemic Awareness activities?
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Phoneme Isolation
Phoneme Identity Phoneme Categorization Phoneme Counting Phoneme Deletion Identification of Deleted Substitution Segmentation Blending |
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Visual Discrimination activities
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Matching Letters and Double Letters
Matching Words |
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Auditory Discrimination
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Children can recognize the likenesses and differences between sounds as they occur in spoken words
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Auditory Awareness Exercises
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Read rhymes and stories to the children
ID sounds in the class and school Closed eyes activity ID common sounds |
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Auditory Discrimination Activities
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Read a pair of words
Same consonant sound Find the word that doesn't belong Provide beginning sounds Nursey rhymes |
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Segmentation
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The ability to isolate all the sounds of a word
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Blending
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The process of recognizing isolated speech sounds and the ability to pronounce the words they stand for when combined
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Does knowing ABCs help reading?
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No other factors are involved
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What type of vision does reading require?
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Near-point vision
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How many generalizations are there?
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121
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How many vowel and consonant generalizations are there?
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50 vowel
15 consonant |
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How many ending and syllabication generalizations are there?
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28 of each
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Three Criteria for Phonemic Awareness
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The activities should be appropriate for 4, 5, and 6 year olds.
The instruction should be planned and purposeful. Phonemic awareness should be part of a balanced literacy program. |
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Language of Origin Can Influence Pronunciation
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/ch/ as in chain
/ch/ as in chauffeur /k/ as in chaos |
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Is English a truly phonetic language?
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No English is not a truly phonetic language where each letter is represented by only one sound.
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How many different ways are there to spell long e?
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14
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What does word pronunciation depend on?
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How a word is pronounced depends on where the letter is located in the word and its etymology or language of origin.
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How is y pronounced depending on location?
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Consonant at the beginning of a word
Vowel at the end |
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What are the most common phonics rules?
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The sounds of c and g
CVC pattern Final e or CVCe pattern CV pattern R-controlled vowels -igh Kn and wr |
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What is the rule about the sounds of c?
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Hard c- followed by a, u, or o
Soft c- followed by e, i, or y |
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What is the rule about the sounds of g?
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Hard g- followed by a, u, or o
Soft g- followed by e, i, or y |
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What is the CVC pattern?
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The vowel will be short
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What is the CVCe pattern?
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The vowel will be long
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What is the CV pattern?
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The vowel will be long
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What is the CVVC/Two Vowel rule?
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You hear only the long sound of the first vowel
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What is the -igh rule?
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Long i and silent gh
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What is the kn and wr rule?
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The first consonant is silent
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Phonics in the Classroom
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1.Keep it simple
2.Begin early 3.Teach alternative strategies 4.Apply phonics clues in context |
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How many hours should be devoted to phonemic awareness instruction and in what grades?
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20 hours in kindergarten and first grade
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What are the alternative word strategies?
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Do I know the word?
Does it make sense to me? Do I know part of the word? Can I sound it out? |
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Do I know the word?
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Sight word, learn the word
High Frequency and Irregular words |
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Does it make sense to me?
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Context- syntax and semantics
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Do I know part of the word?
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Structural (morphemes)
Syllables Prefixes, Suffixes, and root words |
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What is another name for prefixes and suffixes?
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Affixes
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Morpheme
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The smallest meaningful part of a word
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Free Morpheme
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Root words can stand alone and have meaning
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Bound Morphemes
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Cannot stand lone and mean anything
Affixes must be attached to a free word |
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What do you not divide syllables?
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When one vowel is heard the word has one syllable
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When do you divide vowels?
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Before one consonant
Between two consonants Unless it is a blend or a digraph Before a consonant +le Before suffix,after pre-fix Between compound words |
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Can I sound it out?
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Phonics
Phoneme-Grapheme relationships |
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CV pattern
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The vowel is long
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What are the two sounds of ow?
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/o/ in own
/ou/ in cow |
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What are the two sounds of oo?
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/oo/ in food
/oo/ in foot |
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What does inductive teaching do?
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Begins with specifics and moves to generalizations
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What should formal instruction begin with?
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Consonant sounds because they are more consistent and usually start words
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What are some vowel digraphs?
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ee, ea, ai, ay, oa, ow, oo, ou, ow, oi, oy, au, aw
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When does -ed at syllable?
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When added to words that end in d or t
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Are consonant digraphs separated in syllabication?
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No they are one syllable
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How are VCCV words divided?
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Between the consonants
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What are the two accenting generalizations?
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In 2 syllable words the accent is usually on the first syllable
Prefixes and suffixes are generally not accented |
