Phonetics Exam 1

Front 1

Number of Languages in the World

Back 1

~7000

Front 2

Phonetic Universals (4)

Back 2

every lang has: consonants & vowels, uses outgoing air in all words, uses pitch differently in meaningful way, intonation (tone changes word, intonation=sentance)

Front 3

IPA

Back 3

Int'l Phonetic Alphabet ~30 symbols for vowels, ~80 for consonants

Front 4

English # consonants/vowels

Back 4

~ 40 (~15 vowels, ~25 consonants)

Front 5

Contraints on speech sounds (3)

Back 5

Auditory distinctiveness, ease of articulation, gestural economy

Front 6

auditory distictiveness

Back 6

Speech sounds are diff from e/other. Helps listeners

Front 7

ease of articulation

Back 7

makes speech sounds easy to produce. Helps speaker

Front 8

gestural economy

Back 8

recycle mother patterns already in use.

Front 9

Indexical aspects of speech (3)

Back 9

aka non-linguistic. Social origins (regional accent), attitude, individual voice characteristics

Front 10

what is sound?

Back 10

pressure fluctuations, rise/fall pressure

Front 11

What is a sound wave?

Back 11

a pressure disturbance traveling through the air (and hitting eardrum)

Front 12

How does sound propogation work?

Back 12

air molecules move through sound pressure wave. Pressed together, pushed apart

Front 13

Periodic sounds

Back 13

sounds w a regularly recurring pattern or pressure fluctuation

Front 14

complex

Back 14

all speech sounds

Front 15

simple

Back 15

sine wave

Front 16

period

Back 16

time (T)

Front 17

frequency

Back 17

(f) f=1/T measured in Hz

Front 18

amplitude

Back 18

loudness

Front 19

How to calculate a periodic sound's frequency from its period and vice versa

Back 19

f=1/T, T=1/f

Front 20

Rate of vocal fold vibration (pitch)

Back 20

~100Hz men, ~200Hz women

Front 21

human hearing threshold

Back 21

~20Hz- 20,000Hz

Front 22

typical average f0 values

Back 22

below ~3,000Hz

Front 23

Larynx

Back 23

aka voice box. Protects vocal folds

Front 24

supralaryngeal vocal tract

Back 24

above larynx

Front 25

Vocal folds

Back 25

provides fundamental frequency of voiced speech

Front 26

Glottis

Back 26

opening btwn vocal folds

Front 27

Fundamental frequency f0

Back 27

physical sound

Front 28

Pitch

Back 28

sensation to sound

Front 29

How is f0 different from pitch?

Back 29

f0=physical sound, pitch=sensation to sound

Front 30

How is voicing achieved?

Back 30

Bernoulli effect

Front 31

Bernoulli effect

Back 31

aerodynamics - vocal fold vibration not muscle mvmt.

Front 32

Voicing

Back 32

the glottis rapidly opening/closing and vocal folds vibrating

Front 33

How are different f0 rates acieved?

Back 33

Stretching of the folds, higher pitch

Front 34

Gender differences in f0 and their physiological basis

Back 34

vocal folds of males are longer/heavier, vibrate slower. Smaller bodies will vibrate faster!

Front 35

Tone

Back 35

differences in pitch that can change the meaning of a word

Front 36

Examples of tone languages

Back 36

E. Asian languages, many NA langs, majority of world's have some tone distinction

Front 37

level tones

Back 37

More common than contour. high, mid, low

Front 38

contour tones

Back 38

falling, rising. more common on long vowels

Front 39

Intonation

Back 39

pitch used to mark the meaning of phrases

Front 40

How is intonation similar/different from tone?

Back 40

tone changes meaning, pitch marks meaning

Front 41

English question intonation

Back 41

statements end in rising pitch

Front 42

in wh-questions

Back 42

don't end in rising pitch

Front 43

in yes/no questions

Back 43

ends in rising pitch

Front 44

harmonics

Back 44

the part of voicing spectrum above the f0

Front 45

harmonics relationship to f0

Back 45

higher harmonics are locked f0. Their freqs are whole # multiples

Front 46

harmonics physiological basis

Back 46

Higher harmonics provide the acousitc energy for formants

Front 47

Formants

Back 47

overtone groups

Front 48

association of F1 and F2 to vocal chambers

Back 48

F1 back vocal chamber, F2 front vocal chamber

Front 49

what is souce?

Back 49

acoustic energy produced through vocal fold vibration in larynx

Front 50

what is filter?

Back 50

acoustic energy spectrum shaped by the vocal tract. Formants result

Front 51

what does source/filter contribute?

Back 51

vowel acoustics

Front 52

Acoustic filters

Back 52

frequencies are amplifyed/damped

Front 53

high-pass filter

Back 53

blocks low frequency components (damp, muted)

Front 54

low-pass filter

Back 54

blocks high freq components

Front 55

band-pass filter

Back 55

combo of high/low pass filters telephone

Front 56

Resonator

Back 56

takes out and enhances freqs (vocal tract)

Front 57

telephone bandwidth

Back 57

band-pass filter

Front 58

Resonance

Back 58

air that's trapped in vocal tract is set into audible vibration through voicing

Front 59

resonant frequencies

Back 59

acoustic effect where body of air gets set into vibration by vocal folds, sets into freqs

Front 60

what determines resonant frequencies?

Back 60

depending on size, a body of air will specifically respond to certain frequencies

Front 61

gender differences in resonant freqs and physiological basis

Back 61

larger body=lower frequency, smaller body= higher frequency

Front 62

Formant charts (F1 by F2 charts)

Back 62

F1 on left # increases going down, F2 on top # increases to left

Front 63

acoustic vowel space

Back 63

triangular space in formant chart

Front 64

how are formant charts organized?

Back 64

vertical axis correlates w tongue height. Horizontal axis correlates w front/backness.

Front 65

Northern cities vowel system

Back 65

æ-raising, ɑ-fronting

Front 66

California vowel system

Back 66

u-fronting, æ-retraction, ɛ-lowering

Front 67

æ-raising

Back 67

becomes dipthong [ea]

Front 68

ɑ-fronting

Back 68

become centra [a] or even [æ]

Front 69

ɛ-lowering

Back 69

to low front [æ]

Front 70

æ-retraction

Back 70

to central [a]

Front 71

u-fronting

Back 71

to dipthong [Iu]

Front 72

pitch track

Back 72

3-d vocal tract

Front 73

spectrum (aka power spectrum)

Back 73

representation of complex periodic sounds w/out time

Front 74

spectogram (aka sound spectrum)

Back 74

a way to visualize spectral change in time

Front 75

Autocorrelation

Back 75

software to analize pitch, f0

Front 76

Fourier analysis

Back 76

computer analysis of forments

Front 77

[i] name

Back 77

lowercase I ("ee")

Front 78

[i] examples

Back 78

me, Pete, seed, eat

Front 79

[i] more examples

Back 79

receive, relieve, city

Front 80

[І] name

Back 80

small capital І ("eh")

Front 81

[І] examples

Back 81

bit, Sydney

Front 82

[І]more examples

Back 82

pretty, build, busy, woman

Front 83

[I] aka

Back 83

lax counterpart of [i]

Front 84

[u] name

Back 84

lowercase U ("oo")

Front 85

[u] examples

Back 85

fool, fluke, do

Front 86

[u] more examples

Back 86

shoe, crew, group, two, dude

Front 87

[ʊ] name

Back 87

upsilon or "horseshoe vowel" ("o-wah")

Front 88

[ʊ] examples

Back 88

put, foot, would

Front 89

[ʊ] more examples

Back 89

woman

Front 90

[ʊ]aka

Back 90

lax counterpart of [u]

Front 91

3 lax vowels

Back 91

"[I], [ʊ], [ɛ]

Front 92

3 tense vowels

Back 92

[i], [u], [ei]

Front 93

tense vowels occur at ____ of words frequently

Back 93

end

Front 94

tense vowels are _____ in duration

Back 94

longer

Front 95

tense vowels require_____tongue gesture

Back 95

longer

Front 96

"[ɑ] name

Back 96

script A or "short-o"

Front 97

[ɑ] examples

Back 97

pot, Tom

Front 98

[ɑ] more examples

Back 98

father, bar, bazaar, guard, heart

Front 99

[ɑ] involved in_____

Back 99

much dialect variation!

Front 100

[æ] name

Back 100

Ash or "short-a"

Front 101

[æ] examples

Back 101

hat, man, sad

Front 102

[æ] more examples

Back 102

plaid, laugh

Front 103

[æ] also…

Back 103

involved in much dialect variation!

Front 104

[oʊ] name

Back 104

[oʊ]-vowel

Front 105

[oʊ] examples

Back 105

no, note, boat

Front 106

[oʊ] more examples

Back 106

sew, know, hoe

Front 107

vowel similar to Spanish "no"

Back 107

[oʊ]

Front 108

[eɪ] name

Back 108

[eɪ]-vowel

Front 109

[eɪ] examples

Back 109

Amy, late, pain

Front 110

[eɪ] more examples

Back 110

steak, may, gauge, ballet

Front 111

vowel similar to Spanish "e" like como "te" llamas

Back 111

[eɪ]

Front 112

Dipthong

Back 112

transcribed as 2 vowels but phonetically 1

Front 113

short dipthongs

Back 113

[eɪ], [oʊ]

Front 114

long dipthongs

Back 114

"[aɪ], [aʊ], [ɔɪ]"

Front 115

[aɪ] name

Back 115

[aɪ]-vowel ("aye") most common dipthong

Front 116

[aɪ] examples

Back 116

kind, like, type

Front 117

[aɪ] more examples

Back 117

height, guide, high, diamond

Front 118

most common of long dipthongs

Back 118

[aɪ]

Front 119

[aʊ] name

Back 119

[aʊ]-vowel ("owe")

Front 120

[aʊ] examples

Back 120

out, house, cow

Front 121

[aʊ] more examples

Back 121

bought

Front 122

[ɔɪ] name

Back 122

[ɔɪ]-vowel ("oi")

Front 123

[ɔɪ] examples

Back 123

lion, voice, toy

Front 124

least freqent English vowel

Back 124

[ɔɪ]

Front 125

[ɛ] name

Back 125

epsilon or short-e

Front 126

[ɛ] examples

Back 126

men, desk

Front 127

[ɛ] more examples

Back 127

said, head, friend, many

Front 128

lax counterpart of [eI]

Back 128

[ɛ]

Front 129

[ʌ] name

Back 129

Caret or wedge

Front 130

[ʌ] examples

Back 130

hut, ton

Front 131

[ʌ] more examples

Back 131

does, country, blood

Front 132

[ɔ] name

Back 132

open-o

Front 133

[ɔ] examples

Back 133

boss, fall, taught, pawn

Front 134

[ɔ] aka

Back 134

"[ɑ]-[ɔ] merger because speakers use [ɑ] instead of [ɔ]"

Front 135

[ɝ] name

Back 135

hooked reversed epsilon

Front 136

[ɝ] examples

Back 136

herd, surf, firm

Front 137

[ɝ] more examples

Back 137

early, world, journey