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121 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Phonology

The way sounds are patterned together in language.

Phonetics

They way sounds are made.

Morphology

The smallest unit of framer, the way in which words are made up of smaller meaningful segments.

Semantics

The meaning of words and the meaning created when words are put together.

Syntax

The way in which words go together to form sentences.

Discourse

Looking beyond the sentence about how sentences are connected.


Pragmatics

The language in context.

Sociolinguistics

Links between society and language - How society influences language.


Typology

Structural variances within language - Subject, verb, object.

Psycholinguistics

Mental processes underlying language processing.

Neurolinguistics

The brain in relation to language.

Consonants

Involve the constriction of the vocal tract, obstructing the airflow.

Vowels

Produced with no significant obstruction to the passage of air through the oral cavity and the air exits unimpeded through the oral cavity.

Labial

sounds produced with the lips.

Dental

Sounds are formed by the tongue on the teeth.

Alveolar

Sounds that are made with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge.

Palatal

The sounds are produced between the tongue and the hard palate.

Velar

Sounds that are produced with the back of the tongue touching the velum.

Uvular

Sounds that are made with the back of the tongue and the uvular.

Pharyngeal

These consonants are made by pulling the root of the tongue to the back to narrow the pharynx so that air passes through noisily.

Glottal

These sounds involve the constriction of the glottis.

Diphthongs

Produced with the tongue in constant motion, travelling from one vowel position to the other.

Syllables

Phonemes can be broken into large units called syllables. Generally consist of a vowel surrounded by one or more consonants.

Types of prosodies

pitch, stress, tone, rhythum, length, tempo and loudness

Pitch

The frequency of vibration of the vocal folds. used in language to distinguish between words.

Tone

Using different patterns of pitch to distinguish words.

Intonation

All languages use variation in pitch over an utterance to convey modulations of the meaning expressed by a word.

Stress

Syllables are able to be produced with different levels of forcefulness, which is normally accompanied by differences in the tension of the vocal folds.

Phonology

Investigates the sound differences that are linguistically relevant in a language and how the sounds pattern as a system.

Allophones

One of the alternative phonetic realisations of a phoneme for example /t/ and the aspired /t/ are all allophones in english.

Epenthesis

The addition of a phonological segment into a word.

Assimilation

A process by which the segment changes to become more like a nearby segment. For instance 'yellow' becomes 'lellow'.

Metathesis

The inversion of the order of adjacent or nearby phonemes. 'Ask' to 'ask'.

Reduplication

Duplication of the predominate predominant part of the word that he/she is saying. 'Bottle' becomes 'bobo'.

De-affrication

When an affricate is replaced with a fricative or a stop. 'Chips' to 'ships'.

Initial Consonant Deletion

When the first consonant of a word is deleted, resulting in the syllable beginning with a vowel. 'team' becomes 'sam'.

Cluster Reduction

When a constant cluster is reduced to a single consonant. 'Plane' becomes 'pane'.

Diphthong Reduction

When two vovels /VV/ becomes a single vowel /V/. 'pay' becomes 'pa'.

Weak Syllable Deletion

Deletion of a syllable of a bisyllabic or multisyllabic word, which is typically underdressed or weak. 'Banana' becomes 'nana'.

Fronting

When a sounds whose articulatory target is in the back of the mouth is produced in the front of the mouth. Vowels in the velar regions are articulated in the alveolar region.

Backing

When alveolar sounds like /t/ or /d/ are replaced with velar sounds like /k/ or /g/.

Stopping

Fricatives are replaced with stops. eg. /f/ - /p/

Gliding

The replacement of a lateral approximate. /l/ - /w/ and /r/ - /w/.

Glottal Replacement

Using a glottal stop as a replacement for target consonants.

Morphology

The branch of linguistics about the study of word structure.

Simple Words

A simple word has no internal structure and cannot be divided further into meaningful bits. Eg. farm, duck.

Complex Words

A complex word has an internal structure and can be divided into meaningful segments. Consists of a single morpheme that is a free morpheme. Eg. Farmer.

The goals of linguistic

- Describe language as it is spoken


- Develop hypotheses to explain the phenomena of language and its uses


- Account for patterns in speech and language

Distinctive Features

A binary system (+ and -) used to describe the characteristics of a phoneme. Distinctive features then group phonemes into natural classes eg. fricatives.

Prosodic Features

Prosodic features include length, pitch and loudness. These features apply over phonemes, syllables, words and larger stretches of speech.

Schwa

One of the typically unstressed syllables in english - Eg. The 2nd Syllable in the word 'farmer' or 'sofa'.

Primary Stress

The syllable with the most stress.

Secondary Stress

The syllable with the next highest stress after the primary stress.

Pitch

Used to distinguish between words.

Intonation

Changes in pitch over a utterance to convey changes in meaning.

Duration

The length of time used at a segmental, syllable, word, phrase and sentence level.

Pause

Involves the use of silence in speech.


Intra-turn pause is the boundary between words, phrases and utterances.


Inter-turn pause is the pause between speakers responses.

Metrical Phonology

Syllables are classified as strong (stressed) or weak (unstressed). The syllables in a word tend to alternate between strong and weak. This pattern is called metrical contour, which is determined by syllable strength.

Metrical Contour

The stress pattern determined by syllable strength. These patterns can either be classified as trochaic or iambic.

Trochaic

Strong followed by weak metrical contour.

Iambic

Weak followed by strong metrical contour.

Nons

Names of people, places or things.

Pronouns

Take the place of nouns.


Verbs

Show actions or states of being.

Adjectives

Describe or modify nouns or pronouns.

Adverbs

Modify verbs.


Prepositions

Show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other words in the rest of the sentence.

Conjunctions

Joining words.


Coordinating Conjunctions: 'and' 'but'


Subordinating Conjunctions: 'when' 'because'

Clauses

A string of words that is either a simple sentences or a modified simple sentence.

Phrase

Grouping of words that don't constitute a complete clause but form parts of clauses. Eg. Noun Phrases.

Subordinating Sentence

Subordinating one sentence into another.


Eg. I went to the shop, that sold clothes.

Coordinating Sentence

Joins clauses or sentences.


Eg. I went to the shop and bought some clothes.

Meaning

The content conveyed in communication. Involves a message that is conveyed and understood.

Referent

Something that is being referred to.

Sense

The sense of linguistics sign derives in part from its relations to other signs in the language.


Eg. the sense of the hand is defined as part by the existence of the arm.

Properties

Meaning pertaining to some signs is also constituted via properties. Eg. For sheep there properties are animals, mammels


Connoations

Words have connotations that are linked to the emotional overtones. A persons attitude affects connotations.

Literal Meaning

The actual item or activity.

Metaphor

The sense of an experience is extended to another concept on the basis of resemblance.

Sentence Meaning

Can be divided into actor, event and temporal.

Homophones

Two different words that may have the same phonological form but have different meanings. Eg. 'boy' and 'buoy'.

Polysemy

Same form with related meaning.

Synonym

Related words

Antonym

Opposite Meaning

Hyponymy

Meaning of one word includes the meaning of another.


Eg. Dog animal

Selection Restruction

Prohibit certain word combinations to avoid redundancy.


Eg. Female Mother

Coherance

The perception of unity and sense by the listener

Ellipses

Responding with a short sentence that is appropriate.


Eg. 'What did you do on the weekend' 'I swam'

Mircostructure

Words, sentences and relationship to what is being said.

Macrostructure

The topic

What are the six discourse genres?

Descriptive, expository, conversational, narrative, procedual and persuasive.

Descriptive Genre

Describes about the attributes of something.

Procedual Genre

Instructions

Conversational Genre

Interaction and understanding of communication partner roles.

Narrative Genre

Presenting events in time sequence

Persuasive Genre

Providing an opinion that can be backed up by research.

Expository Genre

Providing facts and interpretations.

Speech Acts

Using words for a purpose

Locutionary act

What the speaker says

Illocutionary Act

The speakers intentions

Examples of speech acts

Informing, commanding, questioning

Performatives

Speech acts that use verbs

Direct Speech Acts

The grammatical form indicates the type of act.


Eg. 'Please pass the salt'

Indirect Speech Acts

The linguist form doesn't reflect its communicative purpose.


Eg. 'Can you please pass the salt'

Reference

The relation between a linguistic unit and something that it identifies.


Eg. 'the sun' identifies a celestial object

Deictic Espression

Identifies things by relating them to the social, linguistic, temporal or spatial context of an utterance.


Eg. Personal pronouns are deictic expression as 'I' 'me' 'you' as there interpretation is dependent on the context.

The Cooperative Principle

Communication requires mutual cooperation between participants and is composed of four components.

The Components of the Cooperative Principle

Quantity: Be informative but concise.


Quality: Accuracy that can be backed up with evidence.


Relevance: Be revelant


Manner: Be clear and fluent

Case

A system of linguistic analysis that focuses on the link between or number of Nominative (subject), genitive (Possessive relations) and Accusative (object)

A sign

Represents and conveys information

Iconic sign

Something about the sign resembles what the referent looks like or is used for.


Eg. U-turn sign

Symbolic Sign

Symbolic signs can be words, which involves random symbols linked with meaning.

Manuel Signs

Signing that is not in the spoken mode is incorporated into sign languages.

Comprehension

The perception of speech, which involves the processing of speech sounds that reach the listeners ear.

Bottom-up Processing

Processing of the incoming sound waves on a phoneme-by-phoneme basis.

Top-down Processing

Involves the use of clues from the wider context.

Parsing

The assignment of grammatical structure to a sentence.

Garden Path Sentence

A sentence which the beginning suggests a particular analysis but by the end of the sentence this analysis cannot work. Eg. The horse raced passed the barn fell.

Spoonerisms

A form of a slip of the tongue type error, which occurs on a phonological level.

Transposition of Lexemes

Occurs at a syntactic level within syntactic constructions as in 'He is writing a mother to his letter'

Syntactic Level

Syntax level - at the level of the sentence