Phonation

Front 1

How do humans produce sound?

Back 1

Use of organs that do not have primary biological function of speech production. 1. force to set object into vibration. 2. object elastic enough to vibrate 3. medium that is able to propagate a sound wave.

Front 2

Production of sound: force

Back 2

provided by respiration

Front 3

Production of sound: vibrating obj

Back 3

"flow of air through the glottis, complemented by the layered structure of the vocal folds, wich produce a mucosal wave. "

Front 4

Biologic function of larynx

Back 4

protect the lungs

Front 5

biologic function of respiration

Back 5

gas exchange oxygen to co2

Front 6

Larynx and respiration

Back 6

"superior continuation of respiratiory passage, sits on top of trachea, cartilaginous (one bone) system linked by membranes"

Front 7

Larynx

Back 7

divided into: vestibule; ventriclee of morgagni and inferior division

Front 8

Laryx Vestibule

Back 8

"vestibule, superior subdivision, extends from superior opeing to larylnx to ventricricular/false folds"

Front 9

Larynx Ventricle of Morgagni

Back 9

extends from fentricular folds to the true vocal folds

Front 10

larynx inferior division

Back 10

from vocal folds to trachea

Front 11

Larynx framwork

Back 11

"9 cartilages and one bone. All cartilage (except epiglottis) is hyaline cartilage. Epiglottis is elastic. Cartilages are connected by ligaments, one bone is hyoid bone"

Front 12

Hyoid bone

Back 12

"not attached to any other bone, shped like horseshoe, larynx is suspended from this bone, Exernal (extrinsic) laryngeal muscles are attached to it, serves as support for tongue and larynx."

Front 13

Thyroid cartilage

Back 13

largest cartilage of larnx. Two laminae (surfaces) join anteriorly to form an angle (angle of thyroid/adams apple). In men the thyroid angle is more acute resulting in a more prominent Adam's Apple.

Front 14

Cornua

Back 14

posterior border of each lamin extend upwrd to form hornlike structures. Attaching indirectly to the hyoid. Inferiorly the cornua continues and attaches to the posterior aspect of the criicoid arch.

Front 15

Cricoid cartilage

Back 15

"shaped like a signet ring, narrow convex ring anteriorly and posteriorly a large lamina forming the signet"

Front 16

Arytenoid Cartilage

Back 16

paired that rest on the superior border of the cricoid lamina. Shaped like pyramids. Apex curves posteriorly. Two processes. Vocal folds attach on one process and a muscle attaches on the other.

Front 17

Arytenoid Cartilage

Back 17

"can rock, slide and rotate"

Front 18

Corniculate Cartilages

Back 18

"two pyramidal shaped notules, loced on the apex of each arytenoid. FX: protect arytenoid"

Front 19

Cuneiform

Back 19

rod shaped elastic cartilage found in posterior aryepiglottic folds to support that membrane. Highly variable insize and number among individuals

Front 20

Eppiglottis

Back 20

"leaf like structure bound by ligaments to thebase of the tongue, walls or pharynx and thyroid cartilage"

Front 21

Epiglottis

Back 21

closes off the laryngeal airway and deflects the bolus of food posteriorly into the esophagus during swallowing. Once it was related to breathing by acting to seal the airway and prevent the intake of substance

Front 22

Laryngeal membranes

Back 22

"these are extrinsic memranes and ligaments that connect the laryngeal cartilages, hyoid bone and trachea. "

Front 23

Thyrohyoid membrane

Back 23

Thyrohyoid membrane connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

Front 24

conus elasticus membrane

Back 24

anteriorly connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage

Front 25

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 25

"considered a laryngeal muscle; supports larynx and entire neck region, part of respiration"

Front 26

Kinetic theory of gasses

Back 26

"small particles- random movement. Separated by a distance larger than their size. Perfectly elastic so they don't lose energy when the collide. There is a transfer of energy between molocules that produces heat…that can predict motion with pressure, volume and temperature"

Front 27

Boyles Law

Back 27

"Given a constant temperature, increasing the volume of a chamber that contains gas Decreased pressure. Pressure is Force/Area F/A As area Increases, pressure, Decreases Indirect relationship. BUT as Pressure Increases, Force Increase Direct Relationship"

Front 28

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 28

Pressure exerted on the earths surface by the atmosphere. Function of temperature and altitude. Sea level 1Kg per cm and equal inside body so you aren't squished.

Front 29

How do we breathe

Back 29

"Thorax, cavity containing lungs, changes size. When it Increases, pressure in the lungs Decreases. If pressure in the loungs goes below atmospheric pressure, air rushes in the lungs to equalize internal pressure. "

Front 30

Inspiration

Back 30

mmost of the work of inspiration is performed by the diaphram (75%) and 25% is performed by the External Intercostals. Accessory muscles help to maintain posture to allow inspiriation.

Front 31

Expiration

Back 31

Expiration is mainly a relaxation of the diaphram and the exterior intercostals PLUS the natural elasticity of the lungs Decreases the size of the thorax and INcreases Intrathoracic pressure

Front 32

Elements of the respiratory tract

Back 32

"Oral cavity, Nasal Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea, Lungs, bronchi"

Front 33

Job of respiratory tract

Back 33

to conduct air into the areas of the lungs where it can be absorbed by the blood. . It is also the tract by which carbon-dioxide laden air exhausts into the external environment. It's primary function is NOT speech.

Front 34

Larynx

Back 34

cartilaginous system linked by membranes. Valve calle dglottis that keeps foreign matter from entering the lungs-- aspiration.. Foreign matter in the lungs leads to pneumonia.

Front 35

Trachea

Back 35

Hyaline cartilaginous rings connect by mucosus fibro-elastic membranes. Makes the trachea both rigid and flexible -- rigid so it wont collapse and flexible so that our necks can bend.

Front 36

Bronchi

Back 36

the trachea brances off into the bronchial tree. This tree continues to divide into smaller and smaller segments until it terminates in many alveolar sacs. These sacs are surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide rapidly diffuse through the epithelial tissue surrounding the two structures.

Front 37

Lungs

Back 37

"two conical masses of spongy tissue composed of the bronchi and air sacs. The right lung is segmented into superior, middle and inferior lobe. The left lung, which makes room for the heart is divided into superior and inferior lobe."

Front 38

Pleural Lining

Back 38

"the lobes of the lung are enveloped in a thin serosal (wet) membrane called the visceral pleura. The thoracic cavity is lined with the same type of membrane called the parietal pleura. The serous membranes are in contact with each other, but slilghtly separaged by a thin layer of serous (watery glycoprotein) fluid."

Front 39

Serous fluid is

Back 39

maintains surface tension between the pleural surfaces (resisting separation of visceral and pariietal layers) and prevents friction when the thorax expands and the lung expands with it. Potential Space between pleura can be affected by diseases (pleurisy) which increases the fluid and results in a reduction in lung capacity.

Front 40

The bony Thorax

Back 40

provides a framework for respiration and protects the vital organs encased in the thorax.

Front 41

Bony thorax includes

Back 41

"vertebral column, rib cage and sternum."

Front 42

Vertebral Column

Back 42

"32 individual vertebrae arranged in the cervical, throacic, and lumbar regions; the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are fused. They form a diathrodial or synovial joint. Several natural curves in the column due to the posture, walking and weight bearing function of this structure."

Front 43

Cervical Vertebrae

Back 43

Seven relatively small vertebrae that supprt and move the head and neck. Most superior is ring shaped and called the atlas (C1) -- (from mythology-atlas holding the world with his shoulders) C2 is called the axis. The dens of c2 projects into the anterior part of c1 forming a pivot joint that allows c1 to rotate almost 90 degrees . no movement

Front 44

Joints of C3-C7

Back 44

permit a remarkable degree of flexion and extension … yes movement

Front 45

C7

Back 45

remarkable for prominent spinous process

Front 46

C1-C6

Back 46

vertebral arteries pass through the formen of the transverse process of this area.

Front 47

Thoratic Vertebrae

Back 47

"12 -- Characterized by long, slender spinous process, heart shaped bodies and nearly vertically oriented facets ( places that act as fasceners) artiulate with the 12 ribs"

Front 48

Ribs and Thoratic Vertebrae

Back 48

Each rib forms a synovial joint with the demifacets of its thoracic vertebrae…i.e. rib1 and T1 and a sinle facet on the transverse process of the rib below…i.e. rib 1 and T2

Front 49

Lumbar Vertebrae

Back 49

"5 lumbar vertebrae are the most massive of the vertebrae with thick processed that all allow attachment of numerous ligaments, muscles and tendons"

Front 50

At L1

Back 50

Spinal cord terminates and forms the cauda equina (horse's tail) that are nerve roots.

Front 51

Sacrum

Back 51

5 fused vertebrae-- invertebral discs are largely replaced by bone.

Front 52

Coccyx (kak sics)

Back 52

2-4 tiny individual or partly fused rudimentary vertebrae

Front 53

Ribs 1-7

Back 53

articulate directly with the sternum and are called true ribs

Front 54

ribs 8-10

Back 54

articulate indirectly with the sternum via cartilages FALSE RIBS

Front 55

ribs 11-12

Back 55

end in the muscular abdominal wall. Floating ribs

Front 56

Space between ribs

Back 56

intercostal space

Front 57

Intercostal space

Back 57

"contains three layers of muscle, intercostal vessels and nerves"

Front 58

Collective rib movement

Back 58

accounts for 25% of respiratory effort

Front 59

Sternum

Back 59

"2 parts, superior is called manabrium and the larger inferior part is called the body"

Front 60

Two parts of the sternum form

Back 60

fibrocartilagino joint that makes subtle hinge-like movements during respiration.

Front 61

True ribs are attached to the

Back 61

sernum via costal cartilage

Front 62

Sternocostal joints are

Back 62

synovial joints

Front 63

The ribs form what kind of joints

Back 63

"synovial joints at the vertebrae and sternal articulations, like a handle of a bucket"

Front 64

Diaphram

Back 64

arched musculotendinous tructure consiting of muscle fibers which arch upward and become continuous with a cetnral tendon.

Front 65

Action of the diaphram

Back 65

"completely seperates the sbdominal and thoracic cavities ( with holes and hiatuses for the esophagus, the vena cav and the abdominal aorta)"

Front 66

Xiphoid Process of the sternum

Back 66

is the anterior attachment of the diaphram

Front 67

Diaphram lateral attachment

Back 67

inner borders of ribs 7-12 and costal cartilage.

Front 68

Posterior attachment of diaphram

Back 68

made with corpus (body) of L1 through L4 and dthe transverse process of L1

Front 69

Diaphram innervation

Back 69

"sensory and motor the phrentic nerve, bilateral originates at the cervical plexus (group of nerves that serve one purpose)"

Front 70

phrentic nerve

Back 70

"goes into the mediastinal space on the left and right of the heart, divid and one branches to innervate the superior surface of the diaphram and the other branches to innervate the inferior potion."

Front 71

Diaphram accounts for

Back 71

75% of inspiration

Front 72

Accessory muscles of inspiration

Back 72

"External Intercostals, "

Front 73

External Intercostals

Back 73

External intercostals: O: lower surface each rib (not 12) down and medially (inward); insertion: upper surface of the rib below; Innervation: anterior division of the 12 pairs of spinal thoracic nerves FX: elevate rib cage

Front 74

Internal Interocstals

Back 74

Force Expiration: Origin: inferior margin of each rib (not #1) Is: suprior surface of rib below; IN 12 prs spinal thoracic nerves

Front 75

Levatar Costarum

Back 75

elevate ribcage in inspiration

Front 76

Serratus Posterior Superior

Back 76

elevate ribcage in inspiration

Front 77

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 77

"when both contracted, ribcage is lelevated. Clavicular breathing produced."

Front 78

"Scaleni Anterior, medial and posterior"

Back 78

stabilze sternum and true ribs in inspiration

Front 79

Innermost intercostals

Back 79

Deepest of All! parallel to internal intercostals -- help pull ribcage down. Provide spacing for the ribs and and protection. Assist in forced expiration

Front 80

Expiration(quiet breathing)

Back 80

process of relaxing: natural position of the diaphram is elevated and the elasticity of the costal cartilage returns ribs to natural position

Front 81

Forced Expiration

Back 81

When we just want more force! Using internal intercostals to pull ribs down making it smaller AND along with external intercostals and innermost intercostals

Front 82

Linea Alba

Back 82

provides structure between xiphoid process of the sternum an pubic symphysis for muscles to attach at the anterior portion of the body. Tendinous body. White line

Front 83

linea semilunaris (half moon)

Back 83

paired structures made of same material

Front 84

Transverse abdominus

Back 84

"deepest anterior abdominal muscle -- trunk rotation, lifting and pushing. Can decrease volume of thoracic cavity by pushing contents of abdomen up (hence reduciing size of abdominal cavity)"

Front 85

Internal oblique

Back 85

"origin: Inguinal ligmament of the iliac crest-- fans out. Function, rotation of trunk and can push diaphragm up and decrease the size of thoracic cavity."

Front 86

External Oblique

Back 86

most superficial : Trunk flexion and rotation. Can force abdominal contents up.

Front 87

Rectus Abdominus

Back 87

"""six pack"" Function: bending trunk like a sit up. Can increase abdominal space by pushing diaphragm up and decreasing size of thoracic cavity."

Front 88

Quadratus Lumborum

Back 88

On dorsal aspect of the abdominal wall behind abdominal contents. Function: Lateral bending. Can fix abdominal wall to support abdominal compression.

Front 89

Passive Respiration

Back 89

"During inspiration, use of diaphragm with minimal help from accessory muscles. Contraction is unconscious. Relaxing: all muscles return to their resting position"

Front 90

Conscious control of diaphragm

Back 90

"Holding breath, lifting, defecating, child birth and speech"

Front 91

Forced Expiration

Back 91

"When we exert ourselves (physical or loud yelling, speech). Use all muscles of INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION.. Posture is important!"

Front 92

Measures flow of respiration

Back 92

"spirometer -- device filled with water, recorder, patient blows into tube and hight of the floating drum is recorded"

Front 93

Total Lung Capacity

Back 93

"TLC 5100 cc ( about 2,000cc in a 2 liter soda bottle) this is the max amount of air a human can get into healthy lungs."

Front 94

Vital Capacity VC

Back 94

"Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after MAXIMUM forced exhalation (blow out as hard as you can and breathe in as hard as you can) no matter how hard you try you cannot get all the air out of your lungs (attached to thoracic cavity) visceral pleural VC=4,0000cc"

Front 95

Inspiratory capacity

Back 95

"Amount of air that can be inhaled (inspired) after a passive exhalation -- diaphram relaxing and ribs move back into position 3,000cc"

Front 96

Functional Residual Capacity

Back 96

"amount of air left after a passive exhalation FRC= 2,000cc"

Front 97

FRC+IC=

Back 97

"TLC 5100 cc ( about 2,000cc in a 2 liter soda bottle) this is the max amount of air a human can get into healthy lungs."

Front 98

Tidal Volume

Back 98

amount of air your breate in and out during passive respiration TV=450cc (1/4 of a 2 liter soda bottle)

Front 99

Inspiratory Reserve Vollume

Back 99

amount you can inhale after a passive inspiration; breathe in andout a few timesquickly and hold it and see how much more you can get in your lungs… usually about 2475 cc expiratory reserve volume is oppostie

Front 100

residual volume

Back 100

"amount of air left in lungs after maximum expiration. (lungs in adult always streateched -- smaller than thoracic cavity and surface tension between visceral and parietal pleura keep lungs slightly inflated at all times. RV: 1,1000cc"

Front 101

Dead Air space

Back 101

"air in conducting cavities (trachea, bronchi, mouth and pharynx) about 150cc counted as part of residual voume"

Front 102

subglottal (below vocal folds) pressure

Back 102

minimum pressure needed to move vocal folds as measured on the spirometer is 3-5 cm of H20

Front 103

Conversational speech

Back 103

spirometer needs to measure 7-10 cm of h20 sustained pressure with a quick burst of pressure change for intensity (stress) and pitch changes.

Front 104

Normal respiration

Back 104

"during normal respiration, 40% of cycle in inhalation and 60% is exhalation. We can only speak on exhalation s this would be 6 seconds of speech followed by 4 sec of silence ."

Front 105

Checking action

Back 105

During speech we can change the cycle to 10% inspiration and 90% expiration. WE impede the flow of air out by using the muscles of inspiration (diaphragm) and maintain the flow and pressure below vocal folds we can further lengthen expiratory time when we get ro resting lung volume by using the muscles of expiration (abdominal muscles) so we can speak on expiratory reserve volume.