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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Heart is
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A major structure of the circulatory system, it circulates blood throughout the body
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Heart Structure
Layers? Chambers? |
Layers of the heart
Epicardium (Thin outer layer) Myocardium (Middle muscle layer) Endocardium (Inner layer lining the circulatory system) Heart chambers Atria—upper chambers Ventricles—lower chambers |
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Heart Chambers?
what does each receive? valves? |
Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the superior & inferior vena cava Right ventricle Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps to the lungs Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Left ventricle Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps to the aorta Valves Atrioventricular valves entrance to the ventricles Tricuspid Bicuspid or mitral Semilunar valves exit the ventricles Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve |
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Heart Function
cycle? electrical system? |
Cardiac cycle –
Contracting phase called systole (120 mm Hg) Relaxing phase called diastole (80 mm Hg) Electrical conduction system SA node or pacemaker—initiating impulse AV node—picks up impulse AV bundle—relays impulse Purkinje fibers—relay impulses throughout the ventricular muscle |
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Electrocardiogram
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ECG or EKG
Actual record of the electrical currents corresponding to each event in heart muscle contraction Recording called ECG tracing Useful in diagnosing heart muscle damage |
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heart beat noises?
what creates them? murmurs? |
Origin of the heart beat
“lubb”—AV valves closing “dupp”—semilunar valves closing Murmurs—faulty valve action |
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Pulse felt the easiest?
rate is same as? |
Easily felt by compressing radial artery
Rate same as heart rate normally |
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Blood pressure
What is it? where measured? with what? |
Measure of force exerted by blood on walls of vessels
Measured in a large artery by use of a sphygmomanometer |
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Heart Diagnostic Tests
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ABGs
Enzymes AST, CK, CK-MB isoenzymes, LD isoenzymes Digoxin ECG Microbial cultures Myoglobin Potassium Triglycerides Troponin T |
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The Vascular System
description |
A closed system by which blood is circulated to all parts of the body
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Arteries
do what? where pressure comes from? difference beteen artery and vein? |
Carry blood away from heart
Under pressure from ventricular contractions Pulse distinguishes arteries from veins |
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Veins
do what carry what difference from artery structure ? |
Return blood to heart
Carry deoxygenated blood (bluish red) Walls are thinner and can collapse |
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Capillaries
describe walls connect to what descibe blood in them why thin walls |
Microscopic, one-cell thick
Connect veins & arteries Blood is mixture of venous and arterial blood Thin wall allows the exchange of oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste |
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Blood vessels 3 types?
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Arteries
Veins Capillaries |
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Vascular Anatomy of the Arm
area is named? veins are? |
Major veins in the antecubital fossa
Medial cubital vein First choice, well anchored Cephalic vein Second choice, fairly well anchored Basilic vein Third choice, more painful, above brachial and next to median cubital nerve |
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vascular system Diagnostic Tests
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation screen(DIC)
Lipoprotein Prothrombin time(PT) Partial thromboplastin time(PTT/APTT) Triglycerides |
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The Blood
referred to as: what does it do? |
Referred to as “the river of life,” it flows throughout the circulatory system delivering nutrients and oxygen and transports waste products from cells
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Plasma
made of? substances in it? |
90% water & 10% dissolved substances
Albumin, antibodies, fibrinogen Nutrients include carbohydrates and fats Minerals include sodium, potassium, calcium Gases include oxygen, carbon dioxide Other substances such as vitamins, hormones, urea |
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Erythrocytes
life span? description? where do they function |
Life span = 120 days
Anuclear, biconcave disks Intravascular function |
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Leukocytes
where formed where do they function |
Formed in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
Extravascular function (Only hours in bloodstream, much longer in tissues) |
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Granulocytes
name them |
Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils |
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Agranulocytes
name them |
Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
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Types of Blood Specimens
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Serum
Fluid after blood clots Plasma Fluid from whole blood specimen Whole blood Blood in the same form as found in body |
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The Lymphatic System functions
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Returns tissue fluid to bloodstream
Protects body Processes lymphocytes Delivers fats to bloodstream |
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The Lymphatic System Structures
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Lymph fluid
Lymphatic vessels, ducts, & nodes |
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Lymphatic System Diagnostic tests
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Mononucleosis test
Bone marrow biopsy |
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circulatory system functions?
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- oxygen and food are carried to the cells of the body
-carbon dioxide and other wastes are carried away from cells to excretory organs. -aids in the coagulation process -assists in defending body against disease -important role in regulation of body temperature. |
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cardivascular system consists of:
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consists of:
heart blood blood vessels |
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lymphatic system consists of:
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consists of:
lymph, lymph vessels nodes |
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excretory organs consists of:
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consists of:
kidneys lungs skin |
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circulatory system consists of:
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consists of:
the cardiovascular sysytem and the lymphatic system |
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The heart is?
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the major structure of the circulatory system
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heart function?
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pump that circulates blood throughout the body
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heart location?
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center of thoracic cavity between the lungs with the apes (tip) pointing down and to left of the body
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heart layers?
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epicardium
myocardium endocardium |
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epicardium location
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thin outer layer
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myocardium location
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middle muscle layer
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endocardium location
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thin inner layer
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heart structure
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4 chambered
hollow muscular organ slightly larger than a man's fist 2 sides Rt and LFT each side 2 chambers Upper and lower one way valves between chambers (prevent backflow) |
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pericardium
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thin, fluid filled sac that surrounds heart
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septa (singular: septum)
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partitions seperating left and right chambers of the heart
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Atria
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upper chambers of the heart
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ventricles
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lower chambers of the heart
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atrioventricular valves (AV)
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valves at he entrance to the ventricles of the heart
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chordae tendineae
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thin threads of tissue that attaches AV valves to walls of ventricles (keeps valves from flipping back into the atria)
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semilunar valves
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valves that exit ventricles (cresent shaped)
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epicardium description
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thin serous(watery) membrane that is continuous with the lining of the pericardium
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myocardium description
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thick layer of cardiac muscle
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endocardium description
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thin layer of epitheial cells that is continous with the lining of the blood vessels
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epicardium function
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covers the heart and attaches to the pericardium
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myocardium function
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contracts to pump blood into the arteries
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endocardium function
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lines the interior chambers and valves
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two partitions that seperate left and right sides of heart?
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interatrial septum (right and left atria)
interventricular septum (right and left ventricles) |
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right atrium location and function
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..upper RT chamber
..receives deoxygenated blood from superior (upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava ..pumps it into right ventricle |
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right ventricle location and function
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..lower right chamber
..receives blood from right atrium ..pumps into the pulmonary artery |
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pulmonary artery
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..from right ventricle
..carries blood to lungs to be oxygenated ..returns to left atrium |
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left atrium location and function
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..upper left chamber
..receives oxygenated blood from lungs (via pulmonary veins) ..pumps to left ventricle |
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left ventricle location and function
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..lower left chamber
..recives blood from left atrium ..pumps into the Aorta ..walls are 3X as thick as RT ventricle due to the force required to pump blood into the arterial system |
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another name for Right AV valve?
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tricuspid valve
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Right AV valve description
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has 3 cusps (flaps)
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Right AV valve location
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between right atrium and right ventricle
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Right AV valve function
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closes when RT ventricle contracts
..prevents blood from flowing back into right atrium |
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another name for Left AV valve
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bicuspid valve or mitral valve
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another name for Right semilunar valve
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pulmonary or pulmonic valve
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another name for Left semilunar valve
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aortic valve
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left AV valve location
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between left atrium and left ventricle
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left AV valve description
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two cusps (flaps)
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left AV valve function
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closes when left ventricle contracts
..prevents blood flow back into left atrium |
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right semilunar valve location
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at entrance to pulmonary artery
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right semilunar valve description
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has 3 half moon shaped cusps
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right semilunar valve function
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closes when right ventricle relaxes
..prevents blood flow back into right ventricle |
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left semilunar valve location
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at entrance to the aorta
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left semilunar valve description
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has 3 half moon shaped cusps
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left semilunar valve function
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closes when left ventricle relaxes
..prevents blood flow back into left ventricle |
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coronary arteries function?
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provides bloods supply to heart
branch off the aorta just beyond the aortic semilumar valve |
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myocardial ischemia
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reduction of blood flow to heart
not adequate to meet oxygen needs of heart muscle (usually due to obstruction) |
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack
necrosis (death) of heart tissue surronding heart from prolonged ischemia |
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artherosclerosis
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fatty plaque buildup causes severe narrowing of coronary arteries
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cardiac cycle
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one complete contraction and sunsequent relaxation
last about 0.8 seconds |
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systole
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contracting phase of the cardic cycle
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diastole
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relaxing phase of the cardic cycle
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sinoatrial node (SA) function
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begins heartbeat by generating the electrial pulse that travels through the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously and push blood through the AV valves into the ventricles
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sinoatrial node (SA) location
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upper wall of right atrium
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electrial conduction system pathway of heart ( 4 parts)
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sinoatrial (SA) node
Internodal pathway fibers Atriventricular (AV) node AV bundle (bundle of his) |
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Internodal pathway fibers location
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wall of right atrium
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Internodal pathway fibers function
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relay the impulse to AV node
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Atriventricular (AV) node location
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bottom of right atrium in the interatrial septum
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Atriventricular (AV) node function
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picks up the impulse, slows it down while the atria finish contracting, then relays through the AV bundle (bundle of his)
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AV bundle (bundle of his) location
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top of interventricular septum
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AV bundle (bundle of his) function
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relays impulse throughout the ventricular walls by means of bundle branches and Purkinjie fibers. this causes the ventricles to contract, forcing blood through the semilunar valves.
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electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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actual record of the electriacal currents that correspond to each event in heart muscle contraction
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(EKG) P wave
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represents the activity of the atria and is usually the first wave seen
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(EKG) QRS complex and T wave
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QRS collection of three waves, plus T wave ..represents activity of the ventricles
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first heart sound
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ventricles contract (systole),
due to atrioventricular valves closing long, low pitched sound "lubb" |
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second heart sound
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at beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole)
due to closing of semilunar valves shorter and sharper sound "dupp" |
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murmurs
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abnormal heart sounds
often due to faulty valve action |
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heart rate
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number of beats per minute (normal adult average is 72 bpm)
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cardiac output
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volume of blood pumped by heart in one minute (avg is 5 liters)
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arrhythmia
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irregularity in the heart rate/rhythm
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bradycardia
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heart rate less than 60 bpm
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tachycardia
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heart rate faster than 100 bpm
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extrasystoles
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extra beats before the normal beat
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fibrillations
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rapid, uncoordinated, contractions (can result in lack of pumping action)
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pulse
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palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by alternating expansion and contraction of artery as a wave of blood passes through it
most eaisly felt (radial artery) thumb side of wrist |
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blood pressure
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measure of force (pressure) exerted by the blood on walls of blood vessels
commonly measured (brachial artery) in upper arm |
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sphygmanometer
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blood pressure cuff
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systolic pressure
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pressure in arteries during contraction of the ventricles
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diastolic pressure
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pressure in arteries during relaxation of the ventricles
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angina Pectoris or
ischemic heart disease (IHD) |
pain on exertion, caused by inadequate blood flow to the myocardium from the coronary arteries
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aortic stenosis
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narrowing of the aorta or it's opening
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bacterial endocarditis
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infection of the lining of the heart, most common cause: streptococci
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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impaired circulation caused by inadequate pumping of a diseased heart, resulting in fluid buildup (edema) in the lungs or other tissues
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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heart attack or death of heart muscle due to obstruction (occlusion) of a coronary artery
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myocardial ischemia
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insufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the heart muscle
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the pericardium
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heart attack enzymes
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CK and AST released into bloodstream ..if elevated heart attack is suspected
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2 divisions of vascular system
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pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation |
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vascular system
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sys of blood vessels that, along with the heart, form the closed sys by which blood is circulated to all parts of the body
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pulmonary circulation
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carries blood from right ventricle to lungs to remove carbon dioxide & pick up oxygen, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium
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systemic circulation
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carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from left ventricle to body cells..returns to right atrium
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blood vessels
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tube like structures capable of expanding and contracting
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3 types of blood vessels
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arteries
veins capillaries |
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arteries
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carry blood away from heart
thick walls (under pressure) |
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pulmonary artery
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only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
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arterioles
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smallest branches of arteries, connect to capillaries
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aorta
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largest artery
approx 1 inch (2.5 cm)in dia. |
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what do veins carry
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returns deoxygenated blood to heart (except for pulmonary vein)
thinner walls |
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pulmonary vein
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carries oxygenated blood from lungs back to heart
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systemic arterial blood
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bright cherry red
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systemic venous blood
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darker, bluish red
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venules
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smallest veins
at junction of capillaries |
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vena cavae (singular vena cava)
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largest veins
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great saphenous veins
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longest veins
in leg |
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capillaries
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microscopic, one-cell thick vessels, connect arterioles and venules,thin walls allow exchange of gases and nutrients
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3 main layers of blood vessels
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tunica adventitia
tunica media tunica intima |
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tunica adventitia (externa)
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outer layer
connective tissue thicker in arteries than veins |
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tunica media
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middle layer
smooth muscle some elasic fibers much thicker in arterys than veins |
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tunica intima(interna)
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inner layer (lining)
single layer endothelial cells with underlining basement membrane, a connective tissue layer, and an elastic internal membrane |
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major structural difference between arteries and veins
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presence of valves in veins
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antecubital fossa
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major vein for venipuncture
anterior to (in front of) and below the bend of the elbow |
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antecubital veins
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several major arm veins that lay close to the surface
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what are H and M patterns
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antecubital vein distribution arrangements on the arm
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H shaped vein distribution pattern
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approx 70% of population
includes: median cubital vein cephalic vein basilic vein |
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median cubital vein
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-preferred for venipuncture in H pattern
-located near center of the antecubital area -typically larger and closer to surface -more stationary -easier and least painful to puncture -least likely to bruise |
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cephalic vein
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-second choice for venipuncture in H pattern
-located in lateral aspect of antecubital area -harder to palpate -fairly well anchored - often only vein that can be palpated (felt) in obese patients |
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basilic vein
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-last choice for venipuncture in H pattern
-located on medial aspect (inner side) of antecubital area -easy to palpate -not well anchored, rolls more easily(increases chance of accidental puncture of medial cutaneous nerve or brachial artery) -tend to be more painful |
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name veins in the M shaped vein distribution pattern
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includes:
intermediate cephalic vein (median vein) intermediate antebrachial vein (median cephalic vein) intermediate basilic vein (median basilic vein) |
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intermediate antebrachial vein (median vein)
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-first choice in M shaped pattern
-well anchored - less painful - not close to major nerves or arteries -generally safest to puncture |
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intermediate cephalic vein (median cephalic vein)
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-2nd choice for M pattern puncture
-accessible - most part away from major nerves and arteries - less likely to roll -less painful |
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intermediate basilic vein (median basilic vein)
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-third choice to puncture M pattern
-may appear more accessible -more painful -located near anterior and posterior branch of medial cutaneous nerve |
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aneurysm
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localized dilation or bulging in the wall of a blood vessel(usually artery)
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ateriosclerosis
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thickening, hardeniing, and loss of elasticity of artery walls
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atherosclerosis
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form of artericscerosis involving changes in the intimia of the artery due to lipids and so on
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embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus
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embolus
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a blood clotor other mass of undissolved matter circulating in the blood stream
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hemmorrhoids
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varicose veins in the rectal area
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phlebitis
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inflammation in a vein
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thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of vein along with a thrombus formation
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thrombus
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blood clot in a blood vessel
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varicose veins(varices)
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swollen, knotted superficial veins
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Blood
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"river of life"
delivers nutrients, oxygen, other substances to cells and transports waste products away for elinination |
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blood composition
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-mixture of fluids and cells
-5X thicker than water -Salty to taste -slightly alkaline -pH about 7.4 |
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plasma
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fluid portion of blood
clear- pale yellow 90% water 10% solutes(dissolved substances) |
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formed elements
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celluar portion of blood
55% plasma 45% formed elements |
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blood volume
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avg adult (154 lbs/70 kg)
5 liters (5.3 quarts) |
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composition of solutes in plasma
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gases
minerals nutrients protiens waste products other..ie..vitamins, hormones, drugs |
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erythrocytes
what are they? amt? |
-red blood cells (RBCs)
-most numerous cells in blood -avg. 4.5 to 5 million per cubic millimeter |
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erythrocytes function
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carry oxygen from lungs to cells
also carry carbon dioxide from cells to lungs to be exhaled |
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erythrocytes main componet
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hemoglobin (HgB or Hb)
iron containing pigment that enables them to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, also gives them their red color |
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RBC production
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-in bone marrow
- formed with nucleus ( loose as mature and enter blood stream) |
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reticulocytes(retics)
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immature RBCs that still contain remants of material from their nuclear stage
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RBC's life span
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approx 120 days
then disintegrate removed by spleen and liver |
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RBC description
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anuclear
biconcave 7 to 8 microns in diameter intravascular function |
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leukocytes
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white blood cells (WBCs)
formed in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue extravascular function 5k to 10k per cubic millimeter of blood may appear in blood stream 6 to 8 hours, but reside in tissures for days,mo.s, or years |
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diapedesis
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process by which WBCs are able to slip through walls of capillaries to enter tissues
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main function of WBCs
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neutralize or destroy pathogens
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phagocytosis
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process, pathogen or foreign matter is surrounded, engulfed and destroyed by WBC
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granulocytes
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WBCs containing easily visible granules
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agranulocytes
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WBCs that lack granules or have extremely fine granules not easily seen
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3 types granulocytes
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neutrophils-destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
eosinophils-ingest and detoxify foreign protein; help turn off immune reations;increase with allergies and pinworm infestations basophils-release histamine and heparin |
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neutrophils (polymorphonuclear)
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most numerous WBC's in adults
has several lobes or segments also called poly, PMN, seg for short |
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2 types agranulocytes
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monocytes
lymphocytes |
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lymphocytes
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2nd most numerous WBC in adults
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2 types lymphocytes
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T lymphocytes - directly attack infected cells
B lymphocytes - rise to plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins(antibodies) |
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monocytes
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largest WBC
1st line of defense in imfammatory process destroy pathogens by phagocytosis sometimes called macrophages after they leave bloodstream |
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thrombocytes (platelets)
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smallest of formed elements
part of a large cell called megakaryocyte (found in bone marrow) |
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platelets function and range
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coagulation( blood clotting priocess)
avg. adult 150k to 400k/ cubic millimeter |
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blood type
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inherited
determined by type of antigen present on RBC's |
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agglutinate
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clump together
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lyse
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disintegrate
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transfusion reaction
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adverse reaction between donor cells and recipient
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ABO blood group system
4 types? |
A
B AB O |
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RH blood group system
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based on presence or absence of RBC anitgen called:
D antigen (Rh factor) D antigen present is Rh positive D antigen missing is Rh negative |
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hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Rh antibodies pass from mother to newborn..may lead to destruction of RBC of the fetus
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crossmatch (compatibility)
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a test to determine sutability of the donor and recipient blood to be mixed together
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serum
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seperated by centrufugation
no fibrinogen |
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plasma
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has fibrinogen
liquid portion of blood |
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major difference between plasma and serum
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plasma contains fibrinogen
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test not performed on serum
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ammonia and potassium
clotting releases these substances |
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buffy coat
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thin layer, fluffy looking, whitish colored middle layer of WBC's and platelets
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whole blood
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blood in same form as in blood stream
anticoagulant added |
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anemia
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abnormal reduction in RBC's in blood stream
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leukemia
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increase in WBc's characterized by the presence of a large number of abnormal forms
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leukocytosis
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abnormal increase in WBC's in circulating blood
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leukopenia
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abnormal decrease in WBC's
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polycythemia
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abnormal increase in RBCs
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thrombocytosis
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increased number of platelets
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thrombocytopenia
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decreased number of platelets
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Hemostasis
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process body stops leaking of blood
coagulation |
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coagulation stages
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1&2 primary hemostasis
3&4 secondary hemostasis 1. Vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation 3. fibrin clot formation 4 fibrinolysis (dissolution) |
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platelet aggregation
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platelets stick to one another
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platelet adhesion
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platelets adhere to injured site
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fibrin
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a filamentous protein formed by the action of thrombin or fibrinogen
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intrinsic pathway
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activation of coagulation factors circulating in bloodstream
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activated partial thromboplastin test
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(APTT) (PTT) evaluates and monitors the intrinsic pathway
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extrinsic pathway
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initiated by release of thromboplastin (factor III) from injured tissue
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prothrombin test
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(PT) evaluates extrinsic pathway
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common pathway
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conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin by action of prothrombin activator (PTA)generated earlier as a consequence of injury
calcium ions necessary for this to occur thrombin splits fibrinogen (factor I) into strands of protien called fibrin |
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hemostatic plug
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blood clot
seals opening and stops bleeding |
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Liver-role in hemostasis
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responsible for the manufacture of coagulation factors
factor I:fibrinogen factor II: prothrombin factor III: thromboplastin also produces bile salts for absorption of VIT K mast cells produce heparin |
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coagulation cascade
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iniated by two seperate pathways :
intrinsic extrinsic they join to become common pathway ends: hemostatic plug |
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what is plasmin
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enzyme that breaks the fibrin into small fragments
(called fibrin degradation products (fibrin split products) )then rmoved by phagocytic cells |
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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blood clot forms in a large vein in the leg
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disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)
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pathologic form of diffuse coagulation in which coagulation factors are consumed to such an extent that bleeding occurs
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hemophilia
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hereditary condition characterized by bleeding due to increased coagulation time.
most common ..factor VIII defiency |
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thrombocytopenia
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an abnormal decrease in platelets
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Lymphatic system
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filter system
lymphatic vessels, ducts, nodes through which lymph flows |
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lymph
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excess tissue fluid similar to plasma but 95%water
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lymph nodes
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composed of lymphoid tissue
has ability to remove impurities and process lymphocytes able to trap and destroy bacteria, forein matter and produce lymphocytes |
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organs containing lymphoid tissue
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tonsils
thymus gastrointestinal tract spleen |
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septicemia
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presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the blood
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lymphangitis
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inflammation of the lymph vessels
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lymphadenitis
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inflammation of lymph nodes
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lymphadenopathy
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disease of the lymph nodes
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splenomegaly
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spleen enlargement
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hodgkin's disease
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chronic, malignant disorder, common in males,
characterized by lymph node enlargement |
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lymphosarcoma
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malignant lymphoid tumor
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lymphoma
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lymphoid tumor (benign or malignant)
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common abbreviations
Ca |
calcium
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common abbreviations
K+ |
potassium
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common abbreviations
Na+ |
sodium
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common abbreviations
TIBC |
total iron binding capacity
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