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46 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Ethics |
Ethos |
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Ethics or Moral Philosophy |
study of morality using the methods of philosophy |
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Morality |
consists of our beliefs about right and wrong actions and good and bad persons or character. |
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Morality is a Normative enterprise |
it provides us with norms, or standards, for judging actions and persons. |
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moral norms have impartiality |
they apply to everyone equally |
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moral norms also possess the property of universality |
they apply not just in a single case, but in all cases that are relevantly similar. |
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Morality is reasoned based |
to be fully involved in the moral life and to make informed moral judgements is to engage in moral reasoning. |
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4 parts of Morality |
Normative Impartiality Universality Reason |
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Moral Theory |
explains not why one event causes another, but why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad. |
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Virtue Ethics |
Focuses not on rules and right actions, but on the development of virtuous character. |
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moral objectivism |
the idea that at least some moral norms or principles are objectively valid or true for everyone. |
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moral absolutism |
the belief that objective moral principles allow no exceptions or must be applied the same way in all cases and cultures. |
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moral relativism |
moral standards are not objective, but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe. |
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subjective relativism |
right actions are those sanctioned by a person |
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cultural relativism |
the view that right actions are those sanctioned by one's culture. |
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Utilitarianism |
maximizes the good for the most people |
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act-utilitarianism |
the idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the overall well being produced by individual actions. |
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rule-utilitarianism |
avoids judging rightness by specific acts and focuses instead on rules governing categories of acts. |
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act vs rule utilitarianism |
act = one case
rule= applied to everyone
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JS Mill |
Quality
higher/noble pleasures lower bodily pleasures |
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Jeremy Bentham |
Quantity
pleasure avoid pain/boredum maximise pleasure/minimize pain |
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duty based ethics |
Kant
deontological nonconsequentialists |
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action right or wrong regardless of outcome |
absolute necessity no exceptions |
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Categorical Imperative |
I am never to act otherwise than so that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law.
Never act in such a way that your action could not be made into a universal law binding for everyone.
comes from pure reason |
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hypothetical imperatives |
if/then |
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2nd version of categorical imperative |
merely means
not treating them as a end |
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3rd version of categorical imperative |
treating them as things
difference between persons and things |
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Kantians |
believe in rights |
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Utilitarians |
don't believe in rights |
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Virtue |
aretē= excellence |
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Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics |
good-life life that is lived according to virtue "happiness" ultimate end/purpose |
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Excess |
rashness recklessness |
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golden mean |
courage |
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defect |
coward |
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moral obligations |
concern our duty, what we are obligated to do. |
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moral values |
concern those things that we judge to be morally good, bad, praiseworthy, or blameworthy |
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consequentialist theories |
insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results. |
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deontological (nonconsequentialist) theories |
say that the rightness of actions is determined not solely by their consequences, but partly or entirely by their intrinsic nature. |
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ethical egoism |
view that right actions are those that further one's own best interests. |
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Kant's Theory |
right actions are those that accord with the categorical imperative |
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virtue ethics |
moral theory that focuses on the development of virtuous character |
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ethics of care |
moral perspective that emphasizes the unique demands of specific situations and virtues and feelings that are central to close personal relationships |
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divine command theory |
the doctrine that God is the creator of morality |
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moral objectivism |
idea that at least some moral norms or principles are objectively valid or true for everyone. |
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psychological egoism |
theory that people always act out of self interest |
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feminist ethics |
approach to morality aimed at advancing women's interests, underscoring their distinctive experiences and characteristics, and advancing the obvious truth that women and men are morally equal |
