Philosophy Quiz 1 Study Guide

Front 1

Appeal to Populace

Back 1

1. Using popular belief to reach a conclusion

2. This can involve either arousing a group to “unite” and accept the arguers conclusion, or using a belief’s popularity to argue that it is correct.

3. Examples: Commercials, blind patriotism, etc.

Front 2

Ad Hominem

Back 2

1. The most distasteful kind of irrelevancy is an attack on your opponent personally instead of arguing against his or her position.

2. Name calling

Front 3

Red Herring

Back 3

Distracting the listener from the main argument

Front 4

Straw Man

Back 4

Depicting the opponents position as being more extreme than it is.

Front 5

Appeal to Pity

Back 5

The appeal to pity and all appeals to emotion have a perfectly legit place in philosophical argument, but such appeals are not yet themselves arguments for any particular reason.

Front 6

Appeal to Force

Back 6

Sometimes one has to back up a philosophical conviction with force, but it is never the force that justifies the conviction.

Front 7

Inductive Arguments

Back 7

The premises make the conclusion probably but not guaranteed

Front 8

Deductive Arguments

Back 8

The premises make the conclusion guaranteed

Front 9

Thales Metaphysics

Back 9

The world was made up of water

Front 10

Anaximander Metaphysics

Back 10

Apeiron, an unlimited or indefinite indestructible substance, out of which individual things were created and destroyed.

Front 11

Anaximenes Metaphysics

Back 11

Everything derived from air and used the same word Apeiron

Front 12

Heraclitus Metaphysics

Back 12

Everything was made up of fire

Front 13

Pythagoras

Back 13

Ultimate reality consisted of numbers and numerical relationships

Front 14

Parmenides

Back 14

All things are constant, change is an illusion. Sensory experience is not real, not to be trusted. The Entire idea of change was impossible and the world was basically a huge unmoving solid chunk of stuff.

Front 15

Zeno's Paradox

Back 15

Achilles and the Tortoise

Used logical arguments (paradoxes) to show that motion was an illusion to support Parmenides

Front 16

Democritus Metaphysics

Back 16

All things were made of tiny particles called Atoms

Front 17

Ideal Forms

Back 17

The transcendent, archetypal, and perfect realities that are the objects of rational intelligence. Essence abstracted from all particularity, serving, thereby, as the pattern forr particulars.

Front 18

Lower (Mathematical) Forms

Back 18

Forms comprehended by Mathematical Reasoning. Their copies in the World of Becoming are tangible.

Example: Tableness

Front 19

Higher (Philosophical) Forms

Back 19

Forms comprehended by philosophical reasoning. Their copies in the World of Becoming (at least partially) as intangible

Example: Justice

Front 20

World of Being

Back 20

The non-material, eternal, changeless world of the Ideal Forms.

Front 21

World of Becoming

Back 21

The material, temporal, ever-changing world of sensible objects.

The "earth bound" imperfect, specific copies of the Ideal Forms that are the objects of perception.

Front 22

Four Causes

Back 22

1. Material Cause - The second matter of a present substance.

2. Formal Cause - The form the prime matter has taken in a present substance

3. Efficient Cause - Whatever generated a present substance.

4. Final Cause - The purpose for which a present substance was generated.

5. Example - A Statue of Socrates

-MAterial: Marble

Formal: Statueness of Socrates

Efficient: Sculptor

FInal: TO honor socrates