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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 2 views regarding the question of definability or undefinability of philosophy?
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The first holds that philosophy can be defined while the other maintains that philosophy cannot be defined.
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Definition is derived from the Latin word __-______ which means "to state the limits of" or "to enclose with in limits."
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de-fenire
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Generally, there are two classifications of definition, viz.: nominal (from the Latin world _________ meaning "having reference to a name") and real (from the Latin word ______ meaning "having reference to a thing or reality").
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nominalis; realis
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Nominal definition has two kinds, namely: ____________ and __________.
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etymological; vernacular
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Similarly, real definition also has two kinds, namely: _________ and _________.
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intrinsic; extrinsic
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In this light, both ____________ and __________ nominal definitions limit a thing from the standpoint of its name or term.
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etymological; vernacular
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How is an intrinsic definition broken down?
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A. Essential: Genus & Species.
B. Descriptive: Properties & Accidents |
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How is an extrinsic definition broken down?
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A. Origin
B. Cause C. Purpose |
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…it must be made clear that the term philosophy owes its existence from __________.
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Pythagoras
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Etymologically, philosophy is derived from two Greek words ______ meaning "love" or "friendship" and ______ meaning "wisdom".
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philia; sophia
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Literally, __________ means love of wisdom.
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philosophy
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The Chinese understand ___-___ or __________ as the "study of wisdom."
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Zhe-Xue; philosophy
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Thus, for the Chinese, philosophy is the translation of words into ______ or the application of theory into ______.
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action; praxis
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Hence, for the _______, philosophy singles out a person to live on what he says.
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Chinese
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…the Hindus, too, have something to call their own. For them, philosophy is _______.
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Darsana
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_______ means seeing not only through the eyes but through the whole being of the one that sees.
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Darsana
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…philosophy for the ______ means seeing the whole of reality through a total advertence and involvement of the looker.
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Hindus
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The only distinction is that philosophy sees reality in the domain ______ alone while theology is the domain of _____ and ______.
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reason; faith; reason
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…we may say that the beginning of ________ is the end of __________, or where __________ ends, ________ begins.
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theology; philosophy; philosophy; theology
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In fact, before the Westerners started to philosophize (or engage in philosophy) the ______ and the _______ were already established enough in their philosophical thinking.
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Hindus; Chinese
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individual soul (Hindu)
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Atman
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universal soul (Hindu)
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Brahman
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Which group was interested in the following question: "Who am I?"
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Hindus
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Which group was interested in the following question: "What am I?"
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Chinese
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Way back in the 6th century B.C. lived a man named __________ who is acclaimed as the first philosopher (because he coined the term philosophy)
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Pythagoras
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______ wondered earlier than Pythagoras
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Thales
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_____ refers to anything that contributes to the production of any reality.
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Cause
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…while ______ refers to that which, in any manner, contributes to the explanation or understanding of any reality or thing.
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reason
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The cause of philosophy - not necessarily the ultimate cause - is ______ (______ in Greek).
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wonder; thauma
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__________ starts with wonder.
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Philosophy
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…in philosophy what matters is the ________, not the ______ - this is because _______ can become _________ themselves.
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question; answer; answers; questions
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What are the 6 benefits of philosophy as listed in Chapter 1?
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1. Enables us to understand ourselves better; 2. Helps us understand others, our fellowmen; 3. Helps us understand other' way of thinking; 4. Helps us understand the world and our place and role in it; 5. Helps us understand the significance, meaning, value, and finality of human life; and 6. helps us know and understand God in his nature, essence, activities, and attributes.
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What are the 4 disciplines of Philosophy?
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Metaphysics
Epistemology Logic Ethics |
None
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Metaphysics is broken down into General and Special. Ontology falls under General Metaphysics. What are the 3 types of Special Metaphysics?
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Cosmology
Theodicy Psychology |
None
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…the Greek word ____ which means "after" (it does not mean "beyond" as commonly misconstrued).
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meta
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Per se, ___________ is a science that studies all beings in so far as they are beings.
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metaphysics
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The Greek word _____ means "talking," while the Greek word onto means "being." In Latin, however, the term onto means ______ which means "full of Being."
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logia; plenum
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Based on this undertaking, ________ is understood as a metaphysical study of all realities in so far as they exist.
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ontology
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This leads classic philosophers to divide _____ into three classifications, viz.:
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1. Real; 2. Logical; and 3. Ideal.
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A ____ _____ is understood as extra-mental or that whose existence is independent of the human mind.
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real being
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_______ _____ is one which is considered as intra-mental,…
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Logical being
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…, while _____ _____ is one which is purely intra-mental.
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ideal being
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Abstract entities are good examples of _______ beings like numbers, geometrical points, mathematical objects, letters in the alphabet, names of days and months, and time. All these do not have "real" existence in the outside world.
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logical
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Finally, examples of _____ or purely intra-mental beings are those whose existence lies only inside the human mind, like flying horse, blue or pink pieces of charcoal, golden mountain and the like.
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ideal
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This is why _________ is defined as a metaphysical science which studies the general nature of the world or the structure and history of the universe,…
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cosmology
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…, while ________ or _______ ________ is a metaphysical science which studies the nature, operations, and attributes of God or the study about God in the context of reason not of faith,…
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theodicy; natural theology
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..., and ________ __________ is a metaphysical science which treats of man's nature as a being endowed with reason and intellect which studies the rational metaphysics of the human soul.
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rational psychology
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When philosophy investigates knowledge and truth, it is called ____________.
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epistemology
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When philosophy studies correct processes of thinking, it is called _____.
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logic
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And when it studies the morality (goodness or badness) of human actions (conduct), it is called ______ or _____ __________.
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ethics; moral philosophy
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As a whole, __________ __ ___ is a course that delves into the origin of human life, the nature of human life, and the reality of human existence.
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Philosophy of Man
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One of these views is called the ____________ ____ (taught primarily by Dennis Dedirot) which maintains that the nature of man is good.
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encyclopedic view
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In _______ philosophy, the encyclopedic view is also maintained by Kong Zi (whose Latinized name is _________)...
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Chinese; Confucius
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Another view commonly called the ________ ____ (taught by Adam Smith and his adherents) sees man as one who is destined to be happy in the context of material abundance.
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economic view
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To Sir Karl Popper, man lives in three worlds, to wit: the ________ world (bodily existence), the ________ world (which is the locus of ideas, thoughts, and emotions), and the ______ world (which pertains to man's social relations or inter-subjectivity).
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physical; internal; social
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In scholastic philosophy, however, the view which is basically upheld is that man is a being, a creature whose destiny is to live in two worlds, viz.: the ________ world and the ________ or ________ world.
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spiritual; physical; material
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The Romans are perhaps the originators of the translation of the term man as ver which in turn gives birth to the word ______ (or that which is fitting for man).
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virtue
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Accordingly, the term ______ is derived from the Latin word ______ which means "that which lets something originate from itself."
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nature; natura
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It must be noted, however that the term ______ comes from another Latin word _____ which means "to be born" or "to originate."
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natura; nasci
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Human nature, however, can be further understood in a three-fold level (not facet of dimension since the constituents of human nature have equal importance among themselves), namely, _______ level, __________ level, and ___________ level.
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somatic; behavioral; attitudinal
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The _______ _____ refer to the body, substance, constitution, or stuff of man and secondarily (or accidentally) to bodily structure, color, etc. which are conditioned by culture and environment.
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somatic level
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The __________ _____ refers to the mode of acting of every man.
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behavioral level
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The ___________ _____ refers to the mental reaction of every man to a given stimulus or the position of every individual concerning his opinion, feeling, or mood.
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attitudinal level
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In general, the ancient Greek philosophers were cosmologists. They were too busy looking for the _______ or the basic and original stuff that makes the world, world.
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urstuff
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In fact, they (the ancient Greek philosophers) generally consider man as a _________ (obviously, with the whole universe or cosmos being the _________).
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microcosm; microcosm
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From the landscape of the West, scholars are one in saying that philosophy began in _____, ______.
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Ionia, Greece
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History has it that after the _____________ War (the war between Sparta and Athens; by the way, Sparta won) that lasted from 431 to 404 B.C. Greece gained momentum for peace.
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Peloponnesian
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______ (624-546 B.C.). Accordingly, ______ is a Phoenician by birth but he went to Melitus, Ionia to practice Philosophy.
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Thales; Thales
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Thales considered _____ as the urstuff.
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water
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__________ (585-525 B.C.). If Thales singled out water as the urstuff of the universe, his countryman, __________, preferred air to water.
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Anaximenes; Anaximenes
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__________ (540-475 B.C.). This philosopher is famous for his concept of the logos which to him explains the existence of things in the world.
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Heraclitus
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In his stance for the principle of change, Heraclitus believes that ____ makes the urstuff.
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fire
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___________ (610-547 B.C.). To this pundit, the world constituted of eternal and indestructible substances which he calls the apeiron or "the boundless."
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Anaximander
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Being, more or less, the first to invoke the idea of _________, Anaximander gets the credit of being called the _____-____________.
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evolution; proto-evolutionist
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__________ (582-507 B.C.)…In this light, it is plausible that the ____________ are the true pioneers of the paradigm of mans as body and soul.
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Pythagoras; Pythagoreans
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This thought-construct (Pythagoreans) finds consonance with the belief in reincarnation, _______, which is prevalent in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Taoism, and other philosophical and religious systems in the East.
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Samsara
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__________ (490-421 B.C.)…__________ - the celebrated representative of the Sophists…says that "…man is the measure of all things, of all things…"
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Protagoras; Protagoras
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________: truth, knowledge, morality is relative
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Sophists
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________: truth is universal. No one does evil volitionally
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Socrates
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________ (470-399 B.C.). ________, the acclaimed greatest philosopher in Western civilization, maintains that man is a being who thinks and wills.
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Socrates; Socrates
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Man, for ________, should discover truth, the truth about good life, for it is in knowing the good life that man can act correctly.
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Socrates
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According to ________, knowledge and virtue (_____ in Greek) are not distinct from each other.
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Socrates; arete
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To ________, he who is wise is a man who has disciplined his soul to know what is right and does what he knows to be right in the actual life situation.
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alethia (Greek)
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truth
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techne (Greek)
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art
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poiesis (Greek)
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the way of knowing the truth
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pronesis (Greek)
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way of living
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praxis (Greek)
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way of doing or simply application of what one knows
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______-_______ refers to the art or the way of knowing the truth
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techne-poiesis
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_________-______ means the way of living (in truth) and the way of doing (in the context of truth).
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phronesis-praxis
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For _____, the Ideal world is the ultimate reality since ideas or forms are eternal and immutable.
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Plato
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In Plato's view, the soul has three parts, namely, the ________, __________, and _________ parts.
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rational; appetitive; spiritual
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For Plato, it is the __________ part of the soul that drives man to experience thirst, hunger, and other physical wants.
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appetitive
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It is the _________ part of the soul that makes man assert and experience abomination and anger. (Plato)
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spiritual
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And it is the ________ part of the soul that enables man to think, to reflect, to draw conclusions, and to analyze.
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rational
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_________ (c.335-c.263 B.C.). If Plato has his Academy, _________ has his Lyceum.
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Aristotle; Aristotle
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Man is a rational animal. This is _________'s famous dictum of man.
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Aristotle
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Unlike his master, however, _________ maintains that there is no dichotomy between man's body and man's soul. Body and soul are in a state of unity.
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Aristotle
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hylemorphism (Greek, Aristotle)
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the combination of body, as hyle, and soul as morpos
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According to Aristotle, there are three kinds of soul, namely, __________, _________, and ________.
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vegetative; sensitive; rational
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______ (Zeno of Citium: c.335-c. 263 B.C.)...Zeno of Citium founded his own school and called it ____...
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Stoics; Stoa
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…the founder of Stoa is a _____ - referring to a group of philosophers who detest the pleasures of material possessions, health, and all the comforts that life may bring.
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Cynics
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…______ - the source of the term "_______" meaning insensitivity to the suffering of other people, or the state of one's utter submission to indifference.
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Cynics; cynical
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…Stoics are labeled as "___ ___________ ____." The attribution is fitting because the Stoics teach resignation and determinism.
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the indifferent ones
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In general, the Stoics teach that the soul is matter and that it has seven parts. What are they?
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These parts are the five senses, the power of speech, and the power of reproduction.
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…the ______ challenge man " to be a subject of the will of God and to the law of nature."
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Stoics
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